Turkey (bird) - Knowledge (XXH) (2024)

707:

1572:

1014:

1453:. In dusting, turkeys get low on their stomach or side and flap their wings, coating themselves with dirt. This action serves to remove debris build-up on the feathers and also clog tiny pores that parasites such as lice can inhabit. Sunning for turkeys involves bathing in the sunlight, for their top and bottom halves. This can serve to liquidate the oil that turkeys naturally produce, spreading over their feathers and dry their feathers from precipitation at the same time. In feather preening, turkeys are able to remove dirt and bacteria, while also ensuring that non-durable feathers are removed.125:

1107:

other states, including Minnesota and Vermont. Starting in 2014, researchers sent a survey to wildlife biologists in the National Wild Turkey Federation Technical Committee across the U.S. states to gather data regarding the population of turkeys. As of 2019, the wild turkey population declined by around 3% since 2014. Also as of 2019, the number of wild turkey hunters decreased by 18% since 2014 from the reports of the participating U.S. states. The 2019 data for population was missing information from 12 states and the 2019 hunter data was missing information from 8 states.

8465:

7648:

1134:, recommended a controversial approach when confronted with wild turkeys. Besides taking a step forward to intimidate the birds, officials also suggested "making noise (clanging pots or other objects together); popping open an umbrella; shouting and waving your arms; squirting them with a hose; allowing your leashed dog to bark at them; and forcefully fending them off with a broom". This advice was quickly rescinded and replaced with a caution that "being aggressive toward wild turkeys is not recommended by State wildlife officials."323:

1560:

580:

7394:

147:

8503:

1323:

406:

8582:

8531:

699:

8565:

6893:

656:

803:

8548:

572:

8491:

1481:

1394:

2708:

Dalloul, R. A.; Long, J. A.; Zimin, A. V.; Aslam, L.; Beal, K.; Blomberg Le, L.; Bouffard, P.; Burt, D. W.; Crasta, O.; Crooijmans, R. P.; Cooper, K.; Coulombe, R. A.; De, S.; Delany, M. E.; Dodgson, J. B.; Dong, J. J.; Evans, C.; Frederickson, K. M.; Flicek, P.; Florea, L.; Folkerts, O.; Groenen, M.

1508:

had domesticated turkeys; though the theory that they were introduced from Mexico was once influential, modern studies suggest that the turkeys of the Southwest were domesticated independently from those in Mexico. Turkeys were used both as a food source and for their feathers and bones, which were

1106:

In what is now the United States, there were an estimated 10 million turkeys in the 17th century. By the 1930s, only 30,000 remained. In the 1960s and 1970s, biologists started trapping wild turkeys from the few places they remained (including the Ozarks and New York), and re-introducing them into

1436:

such as wheat, corn, and of smaller animals such as grasshoppers, spiders, worms, and, lizards. In the colder months of fall and winter, wild turkeys consume smaller fruits and nuts such as grapes, blueberries, acorns, and walnuts. To find this food, they have to continuously forage and feed most

1461:

Though domestic turkeys are considered flightless, wild turkeys can and do fly for short distances. Turkeys are best adapted for walking and foraging; they do not fly as a normal means of travel. When faced with a perceived danger, wild turkeys can fly up to a quarter mile. Turkeys may also make

1377:, deleterious protozoan parasites. This indicates that in the wild, the long-snooded males preferred by females and avoided by males seemed to be resistant to coccidial infection. Scientists also conducted a study on 500 male turkeys, gathering data on their snood lengths and blood samples for1334:

is an erectile, fleshy protuberance on the forehead of turkeys. Most of the time when the turkey is in a relaxed state, the snood is pale and 2–3cm long. However, when the male begins strutting (the courtship display), the snood engorges with blood, becomes redder and elongates several

734:

1368:

interactions, male turkeys defer to males with relatively longer snoods. These results were demonstrated using both live males and controlled artificial models of males. Data on the parasite burdens of free-living wild turkeys revealed a negative correlation between snood length and

3141:

Aslam, Muhammad L; Bastiaansen, John WM; Elferink, Martin G; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Crooijmans, Richard PMA; Blomberg, Le Ann; Fleischer, Robert C; Tassell, Curtis P Van; Sonstegard, Tad S; Schroeder, Steven G; Groenen, Martien AM; Julie, A Long (2012).

1397:

1402:

1399:

1396:

1395:

1401:

401:

native to Madagascar, and then to the domesticated turkeys themselves which looked similar. This name prevailed for the turkeys, and was then transferred to the New World bird by English colonizers with knowledge of the previous species.

2051:

1627:

1657:

1400:

1202:, a considerable number of species have been described, as turkey fossils are robust and fairly often found, and turkeys show great variation among individuals. Many of these supposed fossilized species are now considered1097:

via Spain around 1519, where they gained immediate popularity among the aristocratic classes. Turkeys arrived in England in 1541. From there, English settlers brought turkeys to North America during the 17th century.

1571:

1809:

Crowe, Timothy M.; Bloomer, Paulette; Randi, Ettore; Lucchini, Vittorio; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. & Groth, Jeffrey G. (2006a): "Supra-generic cladistics of landfowl (Order Galliformes)".

1559:

1440:

Domesticated turkeys consume a commercially produced feed formulated to increase the size of the turkeys. To supplement their nutrition, farmers will also feed them grains wild turkeys eat such as corn.

2542:

2499:

2114:

382:

The earliest turkeys evolved in North America over 20 million years ago. They share a recent common ancestor with grouse, pheasants, and other fowl. The wild turkey species is the ancestor of the

2440:

397:

In English, the name "turkey" probably comes from birds being brought to Britain by merchants trading to Turkey and thus becoming known as turkey coqs or turkey-co*cks. This happened first to

2472:

1345:

While fighting, commercial turkeys often peck and pull at the snood, causing damage and bleeding. This often leads to further injurious pecking by other turkeys and sometimes results in

2764:

Barros, Carolina P; Derks, Martijn F L; Mohr, Jeff; Wood, Benjamin J; Crooijmans, Richard P M A; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Bink, Marco C A M; Groenen, Martien A M (12 December 2022).

1213:, became extinct recently enough to have been hunted by early human settlers. It has been suggested that its demise was due to the combined pressures of human hunting and3296:

1310:) genome. In 2023 a new improved haplotype-resolved domestic turkey genome was published, which confirmed the large inversion on the Z chromosome not found in other3326:

1398:

8793:

2532:

2509:

706:

3387:

2106:

1190:, the other a more contemporary bird not very similar to known turkeys; both were much smaller birds. A turkey fossil not assignable to genus but similar to1699:

375:, called a snood, that hangs from the top of the beak. They are among the largest birds in their ranges. As with many large ground-feeding birds (order3352:

8888:

2450:

1882:

1509:

used in both practical and cultural contexts. Compared to wild turkeys, domestic turkeys are selectively bred to grow larger in size for their meat.

8741:

6529:

2628:

2354:

859:

A second theory arises from turkeys coming to England not directly from the Americas, but via merchant ships from the Middle East, where they were

8767:

2300:

2166:

3415:

2982:

2476:

8519:

3459:

2934:

2907:

2880:

2816:

2594:

2585:

Resource depression and intensification during the late Holocene, San Francisco Bay: evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound vertebrate fauna

2230:

2203:

2093:

2063:

1984:

1762:

1669:

1639:

8464:

7647:

3199:

Speller, Camilla F.; Kemp, Brian M.; Wyatt, Scott D.; Monroe, Cara; Lipe, William D.; Arndt, Ursula M.; Yang, Dongya Y. (16 February 2010).

2709:

A.; Harkins, T. T.; Herrero, J.; Hoffmann, S.; Megens, H. J.; Jiang, A.; De Jong, P.; Kaiser, P.; Kim, H. (2010). Roberts, Richard J (ed.).

2605:

1950:

8903:

2025:

1606:

2081:

1326:

Anatomical structures on the head and throat of a domestic turkey. 1. caruncles, 2. snood, 3. wattle (dewlap), 4. major caruncle, 5. beard

2139:

1537:

828:. One theory suggests that when Europeans first encountered turkeys in the Americas, they incorrectly identified the birds as a type of1821:

1013:

1727:

Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

2955:

2847:

1074:, describe the multitude of food (both raw fruits and vegetables as well as prepared dishes) that were offered in the vast markets (8883:

3270:

386:, which was domesticated approximately 2,000 years ago by indigenous peoples. It was this domesticated turkey that later reached1999:

Tyrberg, T. (2008). The Late Pleistocene continental avian extinction—An evaluation of the fossil evidence. Oryctos, 7, 249-269.

2253:

1920:

1788:

1115:

Turkeys have been known to be aggressive toward humans and pets in residential areas. Wild turkeys have a social structure and

536:

438:

249:

892:, believed to be written in 1601 or 1602. The lack of context around his usage suggests that the term was already widespread.5374:

3292:

2151:

1731:

1298:

Turkeys have been considered by many authorities to be their own family—the Meleagrididae—but a recent genomic analysis of a

879:

8772:

3699:

1352:

The snood can be between 3 and 15 centimetres (1 and 6in) in length depending on the turkey's sex, health, and mood.

1314:, and found new structural variations between the parent haplotypes that provides potential new target genes for breeding.8780:

5394:

4257:

4229:

3689:

1195:

124:

8481:

3318:

6522:

5245:

882:, who had introduced the turkey into England, was granted a coat of arms including a "turkey-co*ck in his pride proper".2046:

1622:

8676:

8663:

6941:

4904:

1385:

when the snood is not removed will help to fight off unwanted invaders in their immune system, explaining this trend.

1652:

1067:

5054:

4467:

1904:

1565:

Chan Chich Lodge area, Belize: the ocellated turkey is named for the eye-shaped spots (ocelli) on its tail feathers

146:

3378:

8798:

8733:

6382:

6087:

5473:

5404:

4954:

4924:

4914:

4792:

4064:

3452:

1683:

322:

5698:

5483:

5434:

5424:

5384:

5294:

5125:

1517:

1131:

7393:

6422:

4697:

1071:

8860:

1349:. To prevent this, some farmers cut off the snood when the chick is young, a process known as "de-snooding".6515:

6392:

6312:

6272:

6252:

5708:

5493:

5414:

5064:

5004:

4984:

4782:

4687:

4412:

4241:

4052:

2621:

1339:

757:

24:

8603:

6462:

6452:

6442:

6282:

6242:

5793:

5783:

5255:

5014:

4582:

4269:

4017:

3664:

1838:

1299:

3201:"Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication"790:

311:

8829:

6892:

6332:

5773:

5733:

5528:

5364:

5135:

4815:

4308:

1346:

1281:

1235:

679:

8681:

7195:

6432:

6412:

6342:

6117:

5753:

5573:

4729:

3348:

3031:

2163:

8847:

6819:

6626:

2378:

2292:

1123:

turkeys may respond to humans and animals as they do other turkeys. Habituated turkeys may attempt to

8808:

8702:

8650:

7776:

7726:

6991:

6729:

6292:

6137:

5987:

5743:

4994:

4934:

4637:

4617:

4592:

4572:

4402:

4042:

3898:

3445:

3212:

2662:

1037:

1030:

946:

808:

727:

368:

7746:

6745:

3094:

3005:

2978:

1432:, depending on the season. In the warmer months of spring and summer, their diet consists mainly of8893:

6951:

6759:

6472:

6352:

5942:

5034:

4657:

4562:

4442:

4219:

4184:

3634:

3624:

3431:

2820:

1533:

1370:

1361:

1218:

1124:

1062:. Mayan aristocrats and priests appear to have had a special connection to ocellated turkeys, with883:

589:

579:

7215:

7011:

1187:

8898:

8554:

8507:

7836:

7205:

7141:

7106:

7069:

7048:

6961:

6812:

6803:

6789:

6782:

6615:

6192:

6182:

5852:

5832:

5763:

5339:

5044:

4647:

3845:

2602:

2421:

2017:

1942:

1874:

1603:

1505:

1230:

1094:

975:

932:

813:

781:

716:

495:

391:

303:

141:

7816:

7806:

7716:

7080:

6703:

6681:

6669:

6637:

3734:

3380:

Mannington and the Walpoles, Earls of Orford. With ten illustrations of Mannington Hall, Norfolk

962:

Several other birds that are sometimes called turkeys are not particularly closely related: the

8834:

7021:

6981:

6768:

6714:

6692:

1449:

Turkeys participate in a number of grooming behaviors including: dusting, sunning, and feather

8816:

8689:

7766:

7696:

7501:

6775:

6507:

6302:

6262:

6162:

6127:

6077:

5897:

5663:

5653:

5598:

5024:

4944:

4894:

4838:

4677:

4377:

4367:

3248:

3230:

3181:

3051:

3032:"Investigating the turkey's 'snood' as a morphological marker of heritable disease resistance"2930:

2924:

2903:

2897:

2876:

2797:

2746:

2690:

2590:

2413:

2226:

2199:

2147:

2136:

2089:

2059:

1980:

1866:

1858:

1758:

1691:

1665:

1635:

1207:

1041:

949:

that he had reached India rather than the Americas on his voyage. In Portuguese a turkey is a

7511:

7491:

7315:

7225:

7001:

2870:

2220:

2193:

2076:

1730:(in Latin). Vol.1 (10thed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p.156.8821:

6107:

5862:

5842:

5548:

5329:

4974:

4964:

4667:

4627:

4099:

3985:

3832:

3783:

3644:

3238:

3220:

3171:

3161:

3043:

2843:

2787:

2779:

2736:

2726:

2680:

2670:

2537:

2504:

2445:

2405:

1908:

1850:

1818:

1365:

942:

918:

693:

410:

372:

360:

295:

2651:"Waves of genomic hitchhikers shed light on the evolution of gamebirds (Aves: Galliformes)"8149:

7259:

6840:

6322:

6217:

6172:

6022:

5688:

5643:

5618:

5538:

5275:

4861:

4719:

4502:

4477:

4432:

4422:

4318:

4194:

3925:

3724:

2649:

Jan, K.; Andreas, M.; Gennady, C.; Andrej, K.; Gerald, M.; Jürgen, B.; Jürgen, S. (2007).

2632:

2609:

2170:

2143:

2085:

2055:

1825:

1778:

1661:

1631:

1610:

1471:

928:

902:

833:

566:

498:

443:

383:

8641:

2951:

1540:(1723–1809), imported a quantity of American turkeys which were kept in the woods around1083:

3216:

2792:

2766:"A new haplotype-resolved turkey genome to enable turkey genetics and genomics research"2765:

2666:

733:

8728:

8402:

8392:

8271:

8046:

7542:

7475:

6591:

6576:

6539:

6402:

6372:

6097:

6042:

5907:

5872:

5608:

5518:

5509:

5454:

5210:

4884:

4709:

4537:

4512:

4357:

4134:

4007:

3654:

3585:

3546:

3243:

3200:

3176:

3143:

3069:

2741:

2710:

2685:

2650:

2583:

2393:

1541:

1475:

1382:

1322:

1249:

1214:

1203:

1174:

837:

8655:

3425:

3266:

1120:

8877:

8588:

7996:

7955:

7846:

7522:

7157:

6849:

6738:

6362:

6052:

5978:

5236:

5220:

5185:

4159:

3888:

3744:

3119:

3047:

2425:

2222:

Hatching & Brooding Your Own Chicks: Chickens, Turkeys, Ducks, Geese, Guinea Fowl

1878:

1721:

1545:

1378:

1252:

1147:

1116:

1026:

888:

860:

532:

448:

434:

245:

75:

2247:

1912:

1839:"A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths"1782:

1504:

from at least 800 BC onwards. By 200 BC, the indigenous people of what is today the

1381:

functionality. They discovered a similar negative correlation. The presence of more

8495:

8419:

8347:

8285:

8278:

8244:

8228:

8172:

8062:

8035:

7910:

7866:

7826:

7796:

7586:

7412:

7364:

7032:

6570:

6032:

5823:

5679:

5355:

5319:

4853:

4553:

4458:

4289:

4175:

4124:

4089:

3960:

3950:

3803:

3680:

3605:

3152:

2359:

1513:

1306:. In 2010, a team of scientists published a draft sequence of the domestic turkey (1179:

1168:

1018:

456:

405:

257:

8694:

2783:

1725:

652:) throughout the midwestern and eastern United States and into southeastern Canada8668:

2731:

1364:. Captive female wild turkeys prefer to mate with long-snooded males, and during648:

The forests of North America, from Mexico (where they were first domesticated in

8785:

8754:

8635:

8440:

8361:

8354:

8237:

8203:

8187:

8165:

8158:

8131:

8097:

8069:

8055:

7966:

7896:

7856:

7736:

7706:

7679:

7666:

7622:

7607:

7572:

7531:

7331:

7252:

7236:

6924:

6911:

6867:

6659:

6648:

5932:

5813:

5724:

5634:

5464:

5310:

5285:

5201:

5160:

4876:

4210:

3941:

3916:

3822:

3715:

3514:

3498:

3468:

2770:

1854:

1787:. Vol.2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p.139.1578:

1489:

1418:

1407:

1311:

1303:

1268:

963:

649:

562:

501:

471:

460:

376:

352:

288:

268:

218:

208:

198:

133:

50:

20:

895:

Other European names for turkeys incorporate an assumed Indian origin, such as

698:

8340:

8324:

8313:

8262:

8138:

8124:

8090:

8083:

8076:

8021:

7982:

7931:

7917:

7903:

7887:

7786:

7579:

7551:

7297:

7266:

7164:

7089:

6971:

6856:

6233:

6012:

5962:

5952:

5888:

5589:

5564:

5151:

5116:

4807:

4774:

4762:

4393:

4338:

4299:

3995:

3879:

3865:

3764:

3566:

1157:

1066:

of those birds appearing in Mayan manuscripts. Spanish chroniclers, including

829:

487:

398:

95:

60:

3166:

1500:

is eaten by humans. They were first domesticated by the indigenous people of

1056:

in Spanish), is still used in modern Mexico, in addition to the general term

8715:

8433:

8306:

8210:

8014:

7975:

7942:

7876:

7756:

7600:

7440:

7433:

7424:

7338:

7130:

6826:

6153:

6068:

5093:

4493:

4251:

4115:

3576:

3225:

2675:

1521:

1225:

994:, from the shape of its tail when the feathers are fully spread for drying.821:

483:

479:

158:

100:

44:

8626:

3252:

3185:

2801:

2750:

2694:

1870:

802:

3234:

3055:

2417:

2293:"Study Shows That Humans Domesticated Turkeys For Worshipping, Not Eating"1862:

1695:

8620:

8409:

8251:

8117:

8108:

8028:

8007:

7989:

7924:

7593:

7565:

7464:

7284:

7179:

7096:

6558:

6208:

6003:

5923:

5176:

5106:

4830:

3774:

3615:

3486:

3144:"Whole genome SNP discovery and analysis of genetic diversity in Turkey (1485:

1450:

1429:

1374:

1245:

1240:

1183:

1077:

1063:

967:

475:

178:

90:

85:

70:

65:

55:

8537:

3095:"Daily Rituals of the Wild Turkey - The National Wild Turkey Federation"655:

8855:

8746:

8375:

8368:

8292:

7558:

7447:

7304:

7245:

7150:

7123:

4608:

4528:

4080:

3976:

3527:

1161:

983:

571:

387:

113:

105:

80:

8571:

2637:

Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

2394:"Status and distribution of wild turkeys in the United States in 2019"1837:

Kimball, Rebecca T.; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Edward L. (1 May 2021).

1480:

8426:

8333:

8299:

7454:

7273:

7113:

7059:

6552:

4348:

4150:

4033:

3869:

3480:

3419:

2500:"Don't let aggressive turkeys bully you, Brookline advises residents"2409:

1501:

1143:

1087:

509:

505:

491:

228:

168:

8597:

3030:

Buchholz, R.; Jones Dukes, M. D.; Hecht, S.; Findley, A. M. (2004).

351:, native to North America. There are two extant turkey species: the8759:

8720:

2711:"Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (8842:

8217:

7345:

6564:

3537:

2392:

Chamberlain, Michael J.; Hatfield, Mark; Collier, Bret A. (2022).

2325:. University of Illinois Press, 2006. (p. 5) Accessed 25 May 2022.1479:

1433:

1411:

1392:

1285:(Late Pleistocene of southwestern U.S.)– formerly1164:

1090:

made of turkeys, iguanas, chocolate, vegetables, fruits and more.

1012:

863:

successfully. Again the importers lent the name to the bird; hence

801:

427:

404:

371:

in Mexico. Males of both turkey species have a distinctive fleshy

343:

8707:

7324:

3492:

956:

339:

188:

8601:

7664:

7410:

6909:

6589:

6511:

5090:

4759:

3511:

3441:

19:

This article is about all species of turkey. For its meat, see

3437:

2281:, Encyclopædia Britannica, 13 Feb. 2019. Accessed 25 May 2022.379:), the male is bigger and much more colorful than the female.8513:

2137:

Animal characters: nonhuman beings in early modern literature

1544:

and in all probability were the embryo flock for the popular

2626:, from Rancho La Brea: Comparative osteology and systematics2338:. University of Illinois Press, 2006. Accessed 25 May 2022.1520:, and is often eaten at similar holiday occasions, such as1342:(small, fleshy excrescences) that can be found on turkeys.844:. The name of the North American bird may have then become1040:, where they held a cultural and symbolic importance. The1045:

945:. These are thought to arise from the supposed belief of3293:"My Life as a Turkey – Domesticated versus Wild Graphic"3120:"Can Wild Turkeys Fly? (Height, Speed, Distance + FAQs)"1360:

The snood functions in both intersexual and intrasexual

3319:"Why do we eat turkey for Thanksgiving and Christmas?"1335:

centimeters, hanging well below the beak (see image).

1127:

or attack people that the birds view as subordinates.

8479:

2533:"Brookline backs down: Don't tussle with the turkeys"8415:

8398:

8388:

8199:

8002:

7872:

7862:

7852:

7842:

7832:

7822:

7812:

7802:

7792:

7782:

7772:

7762:

7752:

7742:

7732:

7722:

7712:

7702:

7692:

7507:

7497:

7487:

7460:

7221:

7211:

7201:

7191:

7119:

7102:

7065:

7055:

7044:

7017:

7007:

6997:

6987:

6977:

6967:

6957:

6947:

6937:

6837:

6800:

6756:

6726:

6710:

6699:

6688:

6676:

6665:

6655:

6644:

6633:

6622:

6611:

3842:

1975:

Farner, Donald Stanley & King, James R. (1971).

1102:

Destruction and re-introduction in the United States

25:

Turkey (disambiguation) §Other common meanings

8610:

8323:

8261:

8227:

8186:

8148:

8107:

8045:

7965:

7941:

7886:

7677:

7621:

7541:

7521:

7474:

7423:

7363:

7314:

7283:

7235:

7178:

7140:

7079:

7031:

6922:

6866:

6836:

6799:

6755:

6725:

6602:

6231:

6206:

6151:

6066:

6001:

5976:

5921:

5886:

5821:

5811:

5722:

5677:

5632:

5587:

5562:

5507:

5462:

5452:

5353:

5308:

5283:

5273:

5234:

5199:

5174:

5149:

5114:

5104:

4875:

4852:

4829:

4806:

4773:

4606:

4551:

4526:

4491:

4456:

4391:

4346:

4336:

4297:

4287:

4208:

4173:

4148:

4113:

4078:

4031:

3974:

3939:

3914:

3877:

3863:

3811:

3801:

3772:

3762:

3713:

3678:

3613:

3603:

3574:

3564:

3535:

3525:

1238:in 1871. It has since been reassigned to the genus832:, which were already being imported into Europe by2582:

2011:

2009:

2007:

2005:

1970:

1968:

2896:Boden, Edward; Andrews, Anthony (24 March 2017).2620:Bochenski, Z. M., and K. E. Campbell Jr. (2006).2182:Dicionário Priberam da Lingua Portuguesa, "peru".1943:"Earliest use of Mexican turkeys by ancient Maya"1277:sp. (Late Pliocene of Macasphalt Shell Pit, U.S.)433:was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist1294:(Late Pleistocene of southwestern North America)950:

824:proposes two possible explanations for the name3205:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences2475:. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from2355:"The fall and rise of Minnesota's wild turkeys"1536:(1826–1913) recalls that her great-grandfather1186:of Lime Creek, U.S.). The former is probably a508:and are classified alongside them in the tribe359:) of eastern and central North America and the2372:

2370:

2273:

2271:

6523:

3453:

1584:strutting (spreading its feathers) in a field1142:A number of turkeys have been described from1075:

1057:

1051:

936:

912:

906:

8:

2589:. Berkeley: University of California Press.2348:

2346:

2344:

2146:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 141.1755:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names1462:short flights to assist roosting in a tree.922:

896:

8598:

8192:

7947:

7685:

7674:

7661:

7480:

7420:

7407:

7289:

7184:

7037:

6930:

6919:

6906:

6599:

6586:

6530:

6516:

6508:

5818:

5459:

5280:

5111:

5101:

5087:

4770:

4756:

4343:

4294:

3874:

3808:

3769:

3610:

3571:

3532:

3522:

3508:

3460:

3446:

3438:

1684:"Opinion | The Turkey's Turkey Connection"1036:Turkeys were likely first domesticated in123:

33:

3372:

3370:

3242:

3224:

3175:

3165:

2929:. Rowman & Littlefield. p.133.2791:

2740:

2730:

2684:

2674:

2441:"MassWildlife warns of turkey encounters"1757:. London: Christopher Helm. p.248.1484:A roast turkey surrounded by a Christmas3386:. London: Fine Art Society. p.22.2473:"Preventing Conflicts with Wild Turkeys"2379:"How Wild Turkeys Took Over New England"1321:

522:

321:

8526:

8486:

3349:"Why Do We Eat Turkey on Thanksgiving?"3036:Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics2872:The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management2195:The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management1919:. International Ornithologists' Union.1595:

1555:

1146:. The Meleagridinae are known from the606:

2902:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.235.2817:"Snoods and wattles? A turkey's story"2545:from the original on 28 September 20171953:from the original on 23 September 20171512:Turkey forms a central part of modern970:, and the bird sometimes known as the955:; the name is thought to derive from '3273:from the original on 21 November 20162958:from the original on 25 December 20192899:Black's Student Veterinary Dictionary2850:from the original on 23 November 20202256:from the original on 25 November 20212117:from the original on 21 December 20142016:Krulwich, Robert (27 November 2008).1843:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution1664:. University of Illinois Press 2006,1437:during the sunrise and sunset hours.840:. The birds were therefore nicknamed557:IUCN status and estimated population7:

8861:39CB6BC6-C4E5-482F-97D2-9A525D7705818848:9380B902-73DD-F0F0-0409-BDF93A25CCEA8809:4382cb1a-7f62-4b04-b96f-0dd6bf1116078734:59c67e1b-7bce-4eab-8234-2313ad71fdf82985:from the original on 16 January 20132531:Sweeney, Emily (28 September 2017).2377:Abbott, Brianna (20 November 2018).2246:Tozzer, Alfred M.; Allen, Glover M.1702:from the original on 3 February 2020852:, which was eventually shortened to3355:from the original on 9 October 20193329:from the original on 7 October 20183299:from the original on 9 October 20192048:Webster's II New College Dictionary1923:from the original on 5 October 20211913:"Pheasants, partridges, francolins"1791:from the original on 24 August 20211734:from the original on 23 August 20211624:Webster's II New College Dictionary1613:. Npr.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.1538:Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford16:North American genus of large birds3393:from the original on 12 April 20192303:from the original on 22 April 20212249:Animal figures in the Maya codices2058:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2005,2028:from the original on 11 April 20161682:Forsyth, Mark (27 November 2013).1634:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2005,1194:is known from the Late Miocene of1172:(Early Miocene of Bell, U.S.) and1023:Animal figures in the Maya codices1017:Depiction of ocellated turkeys in504:. They are close relatives of the470:Turkeys are classed in the family14:

2950:Melissa Mayntz (28 August 2019).2498:Sweeney, Emily (25 August 2017).2225:. Storey Publishing. p.20.2219:Damerow, Gail (15 January 2013).2018:"Why A Turkey Is Called A Turkey"1885:from the original on 14 July 20211604:"Why a Turkey Is Called a Turkey"1111:Human conflicts with wild turkeys8889:Extant Miocene first appearances8580:

8563:

8546:

8529:

8501:

8489:

8463:

7646:

7392:

6891:

3048:10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00449.x3004:Anne Readel (21 November 2022).2715:): Genome Assembly and Analysis"2291:Nield, David (18 January 2018).2088:. University of Illinois Press.1917:IOC World Bird List Version 11.21784:Check-List of Birds of the World1570:

1558:

732:

705:

697:

654:

578:

570:

520:The genus contains two species.494:, and relatives thereof) in the145:

6500:185 living species in 32 genera2875:. Stackpole Books. p.33.2622:The extinct California Turkey,2439:Annear, Steve (24 April 2017).2198:. Stackpole Books. p.39.878:In 1550, the English navigator834:English merchants to the Levant548:Scientific name and subspecies5375:Bronze-tailed peaco*ck-pheasant2336:The Turkey : AN AMERICAN STORY2323:The Turkey : AN AMERICAN STORY2135:Boehrer, Bruce Thomas (2011).1:

4230:Columbian sharp-tailed grouse3377:Nevill, Lady Dorothy (1894).2926:Black's Veterinary Dictionary2164:Twelfth Night: Act 2, Scene 52078:The Turkey: An American Story1654:The Turkey: An American Story1428:Wild turkeys feed on various1302:groups turkeys in the family1196:Westmoreland County, Virginia1151:

997:An infant turkey is called a447:. The genus name is from the5246:Chestnut-necklaced partridge3267:"Amazing Facts About Turkey"3006:"How Wild Turkeys Find Love"2732:10.1371/journal.pbio.10004751021:according to the 1910 book,8904:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus4905:Chestnut-breasted partridge3700:Szechenyi's monal-partridge3070:"What Do Wild Turkeys Eat?"2784:10.1093/gigascience/giad0512567:and initially described as1855:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.1070911419:Wild turkey §Behavior1338:Snoods are just one of the1206:. One, the well-documented913:

8922:

5395:Germain's peaco*ck-pheasant5055:Chestnut-bellied partridge4258:Attwater's prairie chicken3690:Verreaux's monal-partridge2869:Dickson, James G. (1992).2192:Dickson, James G. (1992).2107:"The flight of the turkey"1979:. Boston: Academic Press.1753:Jobling, James A. (2010).1469:

1416:

990:) is sometimes called the455:meaning "guineafowl". The18:

8460:

8195:

7950:

7688:

7673:

7660:

7643:

7483:

7419:

7406:

7389:

7292:

7187:

7040:

6933:

6918:

6905:

6888:

6598:

6585:

6547:

6498:

5474:Mountain bamboo partridge5405:Mountain peaco*ck-pheasant5100:

5086:

4955:Chestnut-headed partridge4925:Rufous-throated partridge4915:White-necklaced partridge4793:Udzungwa forest partridge4769:

4755:

4065:Black-billed capercaillie3521:

3507:

3475:

3295:. PBS. 14 November 2011.2398:Wildlife Society Bulletin1244:, first interpreted as a907:

816:, depicting a wild turkey692:

561:

556:

553:

550:

547:

544:

284:

279:

263:

256:

142:Scientific classification140:

131:

122:

36:

6542:and their extinct allies5699:White-throated francolin5484:Chinese bamboo partridge5435:Bornean peaco*ck-pheasant5425:Malayan peaco*ck-pheasant5385:Palawan peaco*ck-pheasant5295:Crimson-headed partridge5126:Vietnamese crested argus3903:C. canadensis franklinii3167:10.1186/1471-2164-13-3912844:"Know your turkey parts"2655:BMC Evolutionary Biology2581:Broughton, Jack (1999).2075:Smith, Andrew F. (2006)1651:Andrew F. Smith (2006).1518:United States of America1132:Brookline, Massachusetts1068:Bernal Díaz del Castillo8884:Birds described in 17586393:Double-spurred spurfowl6273:Chestnut-naped spurfowl6253:Mount Cameroon spurfowl5494:Taiwan bamboo partridge5415:Hainan peaco*ck-pheasant5065:Grey-breasted partridge5005:Orange-necked partridge4985:White-cheeked partridge4783:Rubeho forest partridge4468:Lady Amherst's pheasant4242:Greater prairie chicken4053:Cantabrian capercaillie3430:genome assembly in the3226:10.1073/pnas.09097241072676:10.1186/1471-2148-7-1902608:24 October 2017 at the2571:or "California peaco*ck"1817:(Supplement): 358–361.1330:In anatomical terms, a1267:sp. (Early Pliocene of1248:, then soon after as a1234:was first described by1046:

871:, and soon thereafter,6463:Grey-breasted spurfowl6453:Yellow-necked spurfowl6383:Hildebrandt's spurfowl6283:Black-fronted spurfowl6088:Przevalski's partridge5784:Orange River francolin5256:Green-legged partridge5015:Red-breasted partridge4583:Tibetan eared pheasant4270:Lesser prairie chicken4018:White-tailed ptarmigan2979:"Mate choice research"2923:Boden, Edward (1998).2142:15 August 2021 at the1493:

1414:

1327:

1300:retrotransposon marker1198:. In the modern genus1076:

1058:

1052:

1033:

951:

937:

923:

917:, 'bird of India') in897:

817:

418:

331:

23:. For other uses, see8830:Paleobiology Database8518:at Knowledge (XXH)'s6423:Clapperton's spurfowl6333:Grey-striped spurfowl5774:Grey-winged francolin5734:Ring-necked francolin5529:Sri Lankan junglefowl5365:Grey peaco*ck-pheasant5136:Malayan crested argus4816:Ferruginous partridge4698:Hoogerwerf's pheasant4309:Long-billed partridge2842:Graves, R.A. (2005).2631:12 April 2019 at the2624:Meleagris californica2169:26 April 2021 at the2054:17 March 2019 at the1812:Acta Zoologica Sinica1582:(Meleagris gallopavo)1490:sparkling apple cider1483:

1405:

1325:

1282:Meleagris californica1236:Othniel Charles Marsh1211:Meleagris californica1130:In 2017, the town of1072:Bernardino de Sahagún1044:word for the turkey,1016:

805:

784:– Southern California779:Meleagris californica408:

325:

8729:Fauna Europaea (new)6313:Swierstra's spurfowl6224:) (possibly extinct)6138:Red-legged partridge5988:Madagascar partridge5744:Red-winged francolin5709:Schlegel's francolin4995:Bar-backed partridge4935:Red-billed partridge4688:Salvadori's pheasant4593:Brown eared pheasant4573:White eared pheasant4413:Mrs. Hume's pheasant4043:Western capercaillie3325:. 25 November 2009.2952:"The Turkey's Snood"2815:ENature.com (2010).2565:Parapavo californica2113:. 20 December 2014.2084:15 July 2020 at the1911:, eds. (July 2021).1824:23 June 2010 at the1516:celebrations in the1160:) onwards, with the1086:, noting there were1038:Pre-Columbian Mexico1031:Glover Morrill Allen947:Christopher Columbus809:The Birds of America326:Egg of wild turkey (6473:Red-necked spurfowl6443:Swainson's spurfowl6353:Red-billed spurfowl6243:Hartlaub's spurfowl5943:Snow Mountain quail5794:Shelley's francolin4658:Vietnamese pheasant4563:Blue eared pheasant4220:Sharp-tailed grouse4185:Greater sage-grouse3665:Temminck's tragopan3432:UCSC Genome Browser3217:2010PNAS..107.2807S3146:Meleagris gallopavo2713:Meleagris gallopavo2667:2007BMCEE...7..190K2479:on 5 September 20172173:No Fear Shakespeare1534:Lady Dorothy Nevill1528:The Norfolk turkeys1498:Meleagris gallopavo1308:Meleagris gallopavo1292:Meleagris crassipes1219:last glacial period1093:Turkeys were first884:William Shakespeare791:Southwestern turkey788:Meleagris crassipes726:The forests of the590:Meleagris gallopavo541:

465:Meleagris gallopavo357:Meleagris gallopavo328:Meleagris gallopavo265:Meleagris gallopavo6804:Quercymegapodiidae6433:Harwood's spurfowl6413:Heuglin's spurfowl6343:Jackson's spurfowl6193:Manipur bush quail6183:Painted bush quail6118:Philby's partridge5853:Himalayan snowco*ck5833:Caucasian snowco*ck5764:Moorland francolin5754:Finsch's francolin5574:Latham's francolin5439:P. schleiermacheri5340:Sri Lanka spurfowl5045:Sumatran partridge4730:Swinhoe's pheasant4652:L. erythrophthalma4648:Crestless fireback3846:Californian turkey3010:The New York Times2823:on 3 December 20132279:Britannica Library1907:; Donsker, David;1688:The New York Times1660:2016-06-10 at the1630:2019-03-17 at the1609:2016-04-11 at the1506:American Southwest1494:

1415:

1328:

1231:Meleagris antiquus1217:at the end of the1095:exported to Europe1034:

980:Ardeotis australis976:Australian bustard901:('from India') in880:William Strickland818:

814:John James Audubon782:Californian turkey717:Meleagris ocellata523:

419:

417:) with a blue head415:Meleagris ocellata392:Columbian exchange365:Meleagris ocellata332:

8871:

8870:

8817:Open Tree of Life8604:Taxon identifiers8477:

8476:

8473:

8472:

8458:

8457:

8454:

8453:

8450:

8449:

8182:

8181:

7656:

7655:

7641:

7640:

7617:

7616:

7402:

7401:

7387:

7386:

7383:

7382:

7359:

7358:

7355:

7354:

7196:Archaealectrornis7174:

7173:

6901:

6900:

6886:

6885:

6505:

6504:

6494:

6493:

6490:

6489:

6486:

6485:

6417:P. icterorhynchus6337:P. griseostriatus6303:Djibouti spurfowl6293:Erckel's spurfowl6277:P. castaneicollis6263:Handsome spurfowl6187:P. erythrorhyncha6163:Jungle bush quail6128:Barbary partridge6078:Arabian partridge5898:See-see partridge5807:

5806:

5664:Chinese francolin5654:Painted francolin5599:Crested francolin5448:

5447:

5269:

5268:

5082:

5081:

5078:

5077:

5025:Malayan partridge4945:Siamese partridge4895:Sichuan partridge4839:Crested partridge4751:

4750:

4747:

4746:

4743:

4742:

4702:L. i. hoogerwerfi4678:Imperial pheasant4638:Edward's pheasant4618:Bulwer's pheasant4403:Elliot's pheasant4378:Tibetan partridge4368:Daurian partridge4332:

4331:

4283:

4282:

4274:T. pallidicinctus4234:T. p. columbianus4057:T. u. cantabricus3899:Franklin's grouse3859:

3858:

3797:

3796:

3758:

3757:

3649:T. melanocephalus3599:

3598:

3560:

3559:

2936:978-0-389-21017-72909:978-1-4729-3203-72882:978-0-8117-1859-22596:978-0-520-09828-22512:on 25 August 20172334:Andrew F. Smith.2321:Andrew F. Smith.2232:978-1-61212-014-02205:978-0-8117-1859-22094:978-0-252-03163-22064:978-0-618-39601-61986:978-0-12-249408-61909:Rasmussen, Pamela1779:Peters, James Lee1764:978-1-4081-2501-41670:978-0-252-03163-21640:978-0-618-39601-61548:breeds of today.1403:

1208:California turkey1042:Classical Nahuatl972:Australian turkey886:used the term in770:

769:

728:Yucatán Peninsula723:

641:(Linnaeus, 1758)611:(Vieillot, 1817)596:

554:Size and ecology539:

369:Yucatán Peninsula320:

319:

252:

117:

8911:

8864:

8863:

8851:

8850:

8838:

8837:

8825:

8824:

8812:

8811:

8802:

8801:

8789:

8788:

8786:NHMSYS00005334478776:

8775:

8763:

8762:

8750:

8749:

8737:

8736:

8724:

8723:

8711:

8710:

8698:

8697:

8685:

8684:

8672:

8671:

8659:

8658:

8646:

8645:

8644:

8631:

8630:

8629:

8599:

8593:

8592:from Wikispecies8585:

8584:

8583:

8576:

8568:

8567:

8566:

8559:

8551:

8550:

8549:

8542:

8534:

8533:

8532:

8522:

8506:

8505:

8504:

8494:

8493:

8492:

8485:

8468:

8467:

8417:

8400:

8390:

8201:

8193:

8004:

7948:

7874:

7864:

7854:

7844:

7834:

7824:

7814:

7804:

7794:

7784:

7774:

7764:

7754:

7744:

7734:

7724:

7714:

7704:

7694:

7686:

7675:

7662:

7651:

7650:

7509:

7499:

7489:

7481:

7462:

7421:

7408:

7397:

7396:

7290:

7223:

7213:

7203:

7193:

7185:

7121:

7104:

7067:

7057:

7046:

7038:

7019:

7009:

6999:

6989:

6979:

6969:

6959:

6949:

6939:

6931:

6920:

6907:

6896:

6895:

6839:

6820:Quercymegapodius6802:

6758:

6728:

6712:

6701:

6690:

6678:

6667:

6657:

6646:

6635:

6627:Archaeophasianus6624:

6613:

6600:

6587:

6532:

6525:

6518:

6509:

6108:Chukar partridge6082:A. melanocephala6017:C. coromandelica5902:A. griseogularis5863:Tibetan snowco*ck5843:Caspian snowco*ck5819:

5613:O. pondicerianus5549:Green junglefowl5460:

5330:Painted spurfowl5281:

5112:

5102:

5088:

5035:Roll's partridge4999:A. brunneopectus4975:Taiwan partridge4965:Hainan partridge4939:A.a rubrirostris4771:

4757:

4668:Crested fireback4628:Siamese fireback4542:Catreus wallichi4443:Reeve's pheasant4344:

4295:

4104:L. mlokosiewiczi4100:Caucasian grouse3986:Willow ptarmigan3875:

3844:

3833:Ocellated turkey3809:

3784:Koklass pheasant3770:

3645:Western tragopan3635:Cabot's tragopan3625:Blyth's tragopan3611:

3572:

3533:

3523:

3509:

3462:

3455:

3448:

3439:

3403:

3402:

3400:

3398:

3392:

3385:

3374:

3365:

3364:

3362:

3360:

3351:. Wonderopolis.3345:

3339:

3338:

3336:

3334:

3315:

3309:

3308:

3306:

3304:

3289:

3283:

3282:

3280:

3278:

3263:

3257:

3256:

3246:

3228:

3211:(7): 2807–2812.3196:

3190:

3189:

3179:

3169:

3138:

3132:

3131:

3129:

3127:

3116:

3110:

3109:

3107:

3105:

3091:

3085:

3084:

3082:

3080:

3066:

3060:

3059:

3027:

3021:

3020:

3018:

3016:

3001:

2995:

2994:

2992:

2990:

2974:

2968:

2967:

2965:

2963:

2947:

2941:

2940:

2920:

2914:

2913:

2893:

2887:

2886:

2866:

2860:

2859:

2857:

2855:

2839:

2833:

2832:

2830:

2828:

2819:. Archived from2812:

2806:

2805:

2795:

2761:

2755:

2754:

2744:

2734:

2705:

2699:

2698:

2688:

2678:

2646:

2640:

2618:

2612:

2600:

2588:

2578:

2572:

2569:Pavo californica2561:

2555:

2554:

2552:

2550:

2538:The Boston Globe2528:

2522:

2521:

2519:

2517:

2508:. Archived from2505:The Boston Globe2495:

2489:

2488:

2486:

2484:

2469:

2463:

2462:

2460:

2458:

2453:on 16 April 20192449:. Archived from2446:The Boston Globe2436:

2430:

2429:

2410:10.1002/wsb.12872389:

2383:

2382:

2374:

2365:

2364:

2350:

2339:

2332:

2326:

2319:

2313:

2312:

2310:

2308:

2297:sciencealert.com2288:

2282:

2275:

2266:

2265:

2263:

2261:

2243:

2237:

2236:

2216:

2210:

2209:

2189:

2183:

2180:

2174:

2161:

2155:

2133:

2127:

2126:

2124:

2122:

2103:

2097:

2073:

2067:

2044:

2038:

2037:

2035:

2033:

2013:

2000:

1997:

1991:

1990:

1972:

1963:

1962:

1960:

1958:

1939:

1933:

1932:

1930:

1928:

1901:

1895:

1894:

1892:

1890:

1834:

1828:

1807:

1801:

1800:

1798:

1796:

1775:

1769:

1768:

1750:

1744:

1743:

1741:

1739:

1718:

1712:

1711:

1709:

1707:

1679:

1673:

1649:

1643:

1620:

1614:

1600:

1574:

1562:

1532:In her memoirs,1404:

1373:with intestinal1156:

1153:

1081:

1061:

1055:

1049:

954:

940:

926:

916:

910:

909:

900:

761:

736:

721:

709:

701:

694:Ocellated turkey683:

658:

623:(Sennett, 1879)621:M. g. intermedia609:M. g. silvestris594:

582:

574:

542:

531:

411:ocellated turkey361:ocellated turkey244:

150:

149:

127:

111:

110:

47:

40:Temporal range:34:

8921:

8920:

8914:

8913:

8912:

8910:

8909:

8908:

8874:

8873:

8872:

8867:

8859:

8854:

8846:

8841:

8833:

8828:

8820:

8815:

8807:

8805:

8797:

8792:

8784:

8779:

8771:

8766:

8758:

8753:

8745:

8740:

8732:

8727:

8719:

8714:

8706:

8701:

8693:

8688:

8680:

8675:

8667:

8662:

8654:

8649:

8640:

8639:

8634:

8625:

8624:

8619:

8606:

8596:

8586:

8581:

8579:

8569:

8564:

8562:

8552:

8547:

8545:

8541:from Wiktionary8535:

8530:

8528:

8525:

8521:sister projects8520:

8512:

8502:

8500:

8490:

8488:

8480:

8478:

8469:

8462:

8446:

8319:

8257:

8223:

8178:

8150:Polyplectronini8144:

8103:

8041:

7961:

7937:

7882:

7777:Palaeocryptonyx7727:Eurobambusicola7682:

7669:

7652:

7645:

7637:

7613:

7537:

7517:

7470:

7415:

7398:

7391:

7379:

7351:

7310:

7279:

7231:

7170:

7136:

7075:

7027:

6992:Palaeoalectoris6927:

6914:

6897:

6890:

6882:

6862:

6841:Sylviornithidae6832:

6795:

6751:

6730:Gallinuloididae6721:

6594:

6581:

6543:

6536:

6506:

6501:

6482:

6397:P. bicalcaratus6387:P. hildebrandti6323:Ahanta spurfowl6257:P. camerunensis6227:

6222:O. superciliosa6218:Himalayan quail6202:

6197:P. manipurensis6173:Rock bush quail6147:

6062:

6023:Harlequin quail5997:

5992:M. madagarensis5972:

5937:S. ypsilophorus5917:

5882:

5857:T. himalayensis5803:

5748:S. levaillantii5738:S. streptophora5718:

5689:Coqui francolin5673:

5644:Black francolin5628:

5619:Swamp francolin5583:

5558:

5539:Grey junglefowl5503:

5444:

5369:P. bicalcaratum5349:

5304:

5299:H. sanguiniceps5276:Polyplectronini5265:

5230:

5195:

5170:

5145:

5096:

5074:

4979:A. crudigularis4871:

4862:Black partridge4848:

4825:

4802:

4797:X. udzungwensis4765:

4739:

4720:Silver pheasant4714:L. leucomelanos4602:

4577:C. crossoptilon4547:

4522:

4503:Common pheasant4487:

4478:Golden pheasant4452:

4437:S. soemmerringi4433:Copper pheasant4423:Mikado pheasant4387:

4328:

4319:Dulit partridge4313:R. longirostris4279:

4262:T. c. attwateri4224:T. phasianellus4204:

4195:Gunnison grouse4189:C. urophasianus4169:

4144:

4109:

4074:

4069:T. urogalloides4027:

3970:

3935:

3926:Siberian grouse3910:

3868:

3855:

3793:

3754:

3735:Sclater's monal3725:Himalayan monal3709:

3674:

3595:

3556:

3517:

3503:

3471:

3466:

3412:

3407:

3406:

3396:

3394:

3390:

3383:

3376:

3375:

3368:

3358:

3356:

3347:

3346:

3342:

3332:

3330:

3317:

3316:

3312:

3302:

3300:

3291:

3290:

3286:

3276:

3274:

3265:

3264:

3260:

3198:

3197:

3193:

3140:

3139:

3135:

3125:

3123:

3118:

3117:

3113:

3103:

3101:

3093:

3092:

3088:

3078:

3076:

3068:

3067:

3063:

3029:

3028:

3024:

3014:

3012:

3003:

3002:

2998:

2988:

2986:

2976:

2975:

2971:

2961:

2959:

2949:

2948:

2944:

2937:

2922:

2921:

2917:

2910:

2895:

2894:

2890:

2883:

2868:

2867:

2863:

2853:

2851:

2841:

2840:

2836:

2826:

2824:

2814:

2813:

2809:

2763:

2762:

2758:

2725:(9): e1000475.2707:

2706:

2702:

2648:

2647:

2643:

2633:Wayback Machine2619:

2615:

2610:Wayback Machine2597:

2580:

2579:

2575:

2562:

2558:

2548:

2546:

2530:

2529:

2525:

2515:

2513:

2497:

2496:

2492:

2482:

2480:

2471:

2470:

2466:

2456:

2454:

2438:

2437:

2433:

2391:

2390:

2386:

2376:

2375:

2368:

2353:Stanley, Greg.2352:

2351:

2342:

2333:

2329:

2320:

2316:

2306:

2304:

2290:

2289:

2285:

2276:

2269:

2259:

2257:

2245:

2244:

2240:

2233:

2218:

2217:

2213:

2206:

2191:

2190:

2186:

2181:

2177:

2171:Wayback Machine2162:

2158:

2144:Wayback Machine2134:

2130:

2120:

2118:

2105:

2104:

2100:

2086:Wayback Machine2074:

2070:

2056:Wayback Machine2045:

2041:

2031:

2029:

2015:

2014:

2003:

1998:

1994:

1987:

1974:

1973:

1966:

1956:

1954:

1941:

1940:

1936:

1926:

1924:

1903:

1902:

1898:

1888:

1886:

1836:

1835:

1831:

1826:Wayback Machine1808:

1804:

1794:

1792:

1777:

1776:

1772:

1765:

1752:

1751:

1747:

1737:

1735:

1720:

1719:

1715:

1705:

1703:

1681:

1680:

1676:

1662:Wayback Machine1650:

1646:

1632:Wayback Machine1621:

1617:

1611:Wayback Machine1601:

1597:

1592:

1585:

1575:

1566:

1563:

1554:

1530:

1478:

1472:Domestic turkey1468:

1459:

1447:

1426:

1421:

1393:

1391:

1383:red blood cells1358:

1320:

1261:

1204:junior synonyms1154:

1140:

1113:

1104:

1011:

988:Anhinga anhinga800:

775:

765:

759:

750:

749:

744:

743:

731:

720:

710:

704:

702:

687:

681:

672:

671:

666:

665:

653:

645:

644:

639:M. g. gallopavo629:(Nelson, 1900)605:

604:

598:

597:

593:

583:

577:

575:

567:domestic turkey518:

444:Systema Naturae424:

384:domestic turkey275:

272:

243:

144:

118:

109:

108:

103:

98:

93:

88:

83:

78:

73:

68:

63:

58:

53:

42:

41:

38:

28:

17:

12:

11:

5:

8919:

8918:

8915:

8907:

8906:

8901:

8896:

8891:

8886:

8876:

8875:

8869:

8868:

8866:

8865:

8852:

8839:

8826:

8813:

8803:

8790:

8777:

8764:

8751:

8738:

8725:

8712:

8699:

8686:

8673:

8660:

8647:

8632:

8616:

8614:

8608:

8607:

8602:

8595:

8594:

8577:

8575:from Wikiquote8560:

8543:

8514:

8511:

8510:

8498:

8475:

8474:

8471:

8470:

8461:

8459:

8456:

8455:

8452:

8451:

8448:

8447:

8445:

8444:

8437:

8430:

8423:

8413:

8406:

8403:Proagriocharis8396:

8393:Palaealectoris8386:

8379:

8372:

8365:

8358:

8351:

8344:

8337:

8329:

8327:

8321:

8320:

8318:

8317:

8310:

8303:

8296:

8289:

8282:

8275:

8267:

8265:

8259:

8258:

8256:

8255:

8248:

8241:

8233:

8231:

8225:

8224:

8222:

8221:

8214:

8207:

8196:

8190:

8184:

8183:

8180:

8179:

8177:

8176:

8169:

8162:

8154:

8152:

8146:

8145:

8143:

8142:

8135:

8128:

8121:

8113:

8111:

8105:

8104:

8102:

8101:

8094:

8087:

8080:

8073:

8066:

8059:

8051:

8049:

8043:

8042:

8040:

8039:

8032:

8025:

8018:

8011:

8000:

7993:

7986:

7979:

7971:

7969:

7963:

7962:

7960:

7959:

7951:

7945:

7939:

7938:

7936:

7935:

7928:

7921:

7914:

7907:

7900:

7892:

7890:

7884:

7883:

7881:

7880:

7870:

7860:

7850:

7840:

7830:

7820:

7810:

7800:

7790:

7780:

7770:

7760:

7750:

7747:Megalocoturnix7740:

7730:

7720:

7710:

7700:

7689:

7683:

7678:

7671:

7670:

7665:

7658:

7657:

7654:

7653:

7644:

7642:

7639:

7638:

7636:

7635:

7634:

7633:

7627:

7625:

7619:

7618:

7615:

7614:

7612:

7611:

7604:

7597:

7590:

7583:

7576:

7569:

7562:

7555:

7547:

7545:

7543:Odontophorinae7539:

7538:

7536:

7535:

7527:

7525:

7519:

7518:

7516:

7515:

7505:

7495:

7484:

7478:

7476:Odontophoridae7472:

7471:

7469:

7468:

7458:

7451:

7444:

7437:

7429:

7427:

7417:

7416:

7411:

7404:

7403:

7400:

7399:

7390:

7388:

7385:

7384:

7381:

7380:

7378:

7377:

7376:

7375:

7369:

7367:

7361:

7360:

7357:

7356:

7353:

7352:

7350:

7349:

7342:

7335:

7328:

7320:

7318:

7312:

7311:

7309:

7308:

7301:

7293:

7287:

7281:

7280:

7278:

7277:

7270:

7263:

7256:

7249:

7241:

7239:

7233:

7232:

7230:

7229:

7219:

7209:

7199:

7188:

7182:

7176:

7175:

7172:

7171:

7169:

7168:

7161:

7154:

7146:

7144:

7138:

7137:

7135:

7134:

7127:

7117:

7110:

7100:

7093:

7085:

7083:

7077:

7076:

7074:

7073:

7063:

7053:

7041:

7035:

7029:

7028:

7026:

7025:

7015:

7005:

6995:

6985:

6975:

6965:

6955:

6945:

6934:

6928:

6923:

6916:

6915:

6910:

6903:

6902:

6899:

6898:

6889:

6887:

6884:

6883:

6881:

6880:

6879:

6878:

6872:

6870:

6864:

6863:

6861:

6860:

6853:

6845:

6843:

6834:

6833:

6831:

6830:

6823:

6816:

6808:

6806:

6797:

6796:

6794:

6793:

6786:

6779:

6772:

6764:

6762:

6753:

6752:

6750:

6749:

6746:Paraortygoides6742:

6734:

6732:

6723:

6722:

6720:

6719:

6708:

6697:

6686:

6674:

6663:

6653:

6642:

6631:

6620:

6608:

6606:

6604:incertae sedis6596:

6595:

6592:Pangalliformes6590:

6583:

6582:

6580:

6579:

6577:Pangalliformes6573:

6567:

6561:

6555:

6548:

6545:

6544:

6537:

6535:

6534:

6527:

6520:

6512:

6503:

6502:

6499:

6496:

6495:

6492:

6491:

6488:

6487:

6484:

6483:

6481:

6480:

6470:

6460:

6457:P. leucoscepus6450:

6440:

6430:

6427:P. clappertoni6420:

6410:

6403:Scaly spurfowl6400:

6390:

6380:

6373:Natal spurfowl6370:

6360:

6350:

6340:

6330:

6320:

6310:

6307:P. ochropectus6300:

6290:

6280:

6270:

6260:

6250:

6239:

6237:

6229:

6228:

6226:

6225:

6214:

6212:

6204:

6203:

6201:

6200:

6190:

6180:

6170:

6159:

6157:

6149:

6148:

6146:

6145:

6135:

6125:

6115:

6105:

6098:Rock partridge6095:

6085:

6074:

6072:

6064:

6063:

6061:

6060:

6050:

6043:Japanese quail6040:

6030:

6027:C. delegorguei6020:

6009:

6007:

5999:

5998:

5996:

5995:

5984:

5982:

5974:

5973:

5971:

5970:

5960:

5950:

5947:S. monorthonyx5940:

5929:

5927:

5919:

5918:

5916:

5915:

5908:Sand partridge5905:

5894:

5892:

5884:

5883:

5881:

5880:

5873:Altai snowco*ck5870:

5860:

5850:

5840:

5829:

5827:

5816:

5809:

5808:

5805:

5804:

5802:

5801:

5791:

5781:

5771:

5761:

5751:

5741:

5730:

5728:

5720:

5719:

5717:

5716:

5706:

5703:C. albogularis5696:

5685:

5683:

5675:

5674:

5672:

5671:

5668:F. pintadeanus5661:

5651:

5648:F. francolinus5640:

5638:

5630:

5629:

5627:

5626:

5616:

5609:Grey francolin5606:

5595:

5593:

5585:

5584:

5582:

5581:

5570:

5568:

5560:

5559:

5557:

5556:

5546:

5536:

5526:

5519:Red junglefowl5515:

5513:

5505:

5504:

5502:

5501:

5491:

5481:

5470:

5468:

5457:

5450:

5449:

5446:

5445:

5443:

5442:

5432:

5422:

5412:

5402:

5392:

5382:

5372:

5361:

5359:

5351:

5350:

5348:

5347:

5344:G. bicalcarata5337:

5327:

5316:

5314:

5306:

5305:

5303:

5302:

5291:

5289:

5278:

5271:

5270:

5267:

5266:

5264:

5263:

5253:

5242:

5240:

5232:

5231:

5229:

5228:

5218:

5211:Indian peafowl5207:

5205:

5197:

5196:

5194:

5193:

5182:

5180:

5172:

5171:

5169:

5168:

5157:

5155:

5147:

5146:

5144:

5143:

5133:

5122:

5120:

5109:

5098:

5097:

5091:

5084:

5083:

5080:

5079:

5076:

5075:

5073:

5072:

5062:

5052:

5042:

5032:

5022:

5012:

5002:

4992:

4989:A. atrogularis4982:

4972:

4962:

4952:

4942:

4932:

4929:A. rufogularis4922:

4912:

4902:

4892:

4885:Hill partridge4881:

4879:

4873:

4872:

4870:

4869:

4858:

4856:

4850:

4849:

4847:

4846:

4835:

4833:

4827:

4826:

4824:

4823:

4812:

4810:

4804:

4803:

4801:

4800:

4790:

4779:

4777:

4767:

4766:

4760:

4753:

4752:

4749:

4748:

4745:

4744:

4741:

4740:

4738:

4737:

4727:

4717:

4710:Kalij pheasant4707:

4706:

4705:

4685:

4675:

4665:

4662:L. hatinhensis4655:

4645:

4635:

4625:

4614:

4612:

4604:

4603:

4601:

4600:

4597:C.mantchuricum4590:

4580:

4570:

4559:

4557:

4549:

4548:

4546:

4545:

4538:Cheer pheasant4534:

4532:

4524:

4523:

4521:

4520:

4513:Green pheasant4510:

4499:

4497:

4489:

4488:

4486:

4485:

4475:

4464:

4462:

4454:

4453:

4451:

4450:

4440:

4430:

4420:

4410:

4399:

4397:

4389:

4388:

4386:

4385:

4375:

4365:

4358:Grey partridge4354:

4352:

4341:

4334:

4333:

4330:

4329:

4327:

4326:

4316:

4305:

4303:

4292:

4285:

4284:

4281:

4280:

4278:

4277:

4267:

4266:

4265:

4255:

4239:

4238:

4237:

4216:

4214:

4206:

4205:

4203:

4202:

4192:

4181:

4179:

4171:

4170:

4168:

4167:

4156:

4154:

4146:

4145:

4143:

4142:

4135:Chinese grouse4132:

4121:

4119:

4111:

4110:

4108:

4107:

4097:

4086:

4084:

4076:

4075:

4073:

4072:

4062:

4061:

4060:

4039:

4037:

4029:

4028:

4026:

4025:

4015:

4008:Rock ptarmigan4005:

4004:

4003:

3982:

3980:

3972:

3971:

3969:

3968:

3965:D. fuliginosus3958:

3947:

3945:

3937:

3936:

3934:

3933:

3930:F. falcipennis3922:

3920:

3912:

3911:

3909:

3908:

3907:

3906:

3885:

3883:

3872:

3861:

3860:

3857:

3856:

3854:

3853:

3850:M. californica3840:

3830:

3819:

3817:

3806:

3799:

3798:

3795:

3794:

3792:

3791:

3780:

3778:

3767:

3760:

3759:

3756:

3755:

3753:

3752:

3742:

3732:

3721:

3719:

3711:

3710:

3708:

3707:

3697:

3686:

3684:

3676:

3675:

3673:

3672:

3662:

3655:Satyr tragopan3652:

3642:

3632:

3621:

3619:

3608:

3601:

3600:

3597:

3596:

3594:

3593:

3586:Blood pheasant3582:

3580:

3569:

3562:

3561:

3558:

3557:

3555:

3554:

3547:Snow partridge3543:

3541:

3530:

3519:

3518:

3512:

3505:

3504:

3502:

3501:

3495:

3489:

3483:

3476:

3473:

3472:

3467:

3465:

3464:

3457:

3450:

3442:

3436:

3435:

3422:

3411:

3410:External links3408:

3405:

3404:

3366:

3340:

3310:

3284:

3258:

3191:

3133:

3111:

3086:

3061:

3042:(3): 176–185.3022:

2996:

2969:

2942:

2935:

2915:

2908:

2888:

2881:

2861:

2834:

2807:

2756:

2700:

2641:

2613:

2595:

2573:

2556:

2523:

2490:

2464:

2431:

2384:

2366:

2340:

2327:

2314:

2283:

2267:

2238:

2231:

2211:

2204:

2184:

2175:

2156:

2128:

2098:

2068:

2039:

2001:

1992:

1985:

1964:

1934:

1896:

1829:

1802:

1781:, ed. (1934).1770:

1763:

1745:

1722:Linnaeus, Carl1713:

1674:

1644:

1615:

1602:Dickson, 362;1594:

1593:

1591:

1588:

1587:

1586:

1576:

1569:

1567:

1564:

1557:

1553:

1550:

1546:Norfolk turkey1542:Wolterton Hall1529:

1526:

1492:and vegetables1476:Turkey as food1467:

1464:

1458:

1455:

1446:

1443:

1425:

1422:

1406:A turkey in a1390:

1387:

1357:

1354:

1319:

1316:

1296:

1295:

1289:

1278:

1272:

1260:

1259:Fossil species1257:

1215:climate change1184:Early Pliocene1175:Proagriocharis1139:

1136:

1112:

1109:

1103:

1100:

1010:

1007:

941:('Indian') in850:Indian turkeys838:Constantinople799:

796:

795:

794:

785:

774:

773:Fossil species771:

768:

767:

760:NT755:

737:

724:

713:

690:

689:

682:LC677:

659:

646:

643:

642:

636:

635:(Gould, 1856)633:M. g. mexicana630:

627:M. g. merriami624:

618:

617:(Scott, 1890)612:

603:Six subspecies602:

601:

600:

599:

595:Linnaeus, 1758586:

559:

558:

555:

552:

549:

546:

540:– two species517:

516:Extant species514:

423:

420:

318:

317:

316:

315:

307:

304:M. californica299:

292:

282:

281:

277:

276:

274:Linnaeus, 1758273:

261:

260:

254:

253:

236:

232:

231:

226:

222:

221:

216:

212:

211:

206:

202:

201:

196:

192:

191:

186:

182:

181:

176:

172:

171:

166:

162:

161:

156:

152:

151:

138:

137:

129:

128:

120:

119:

104:

99:

94:

89:

84:

79:

74:

69:

64:

59:

54:

49:

48:

39:

15:

13:

10:

9:

6:

4:

3:

2:

8917:

8916:

8905:

8902:

8900:

8897:

8895:

8892:

8890:

8887:

8885:

8882:

8881:

8879:

8862:

8857:

8853:

8849:

8844:

8840:

8836:

8831:

8827:

8823:

8818:

8814:

8810:

8804:

8800:

8795:

8791:

8787:

8782:

8778:

8774:

8769:

8765:

8761:

8756:

8752:

8748:

8743:

8739:

8735:

8730:

8726:

8722:

8717:

8713:

8709:

8704:

8700:

8696:

8691:

8687:

8683:

8678:

8674:

8670:

8665:

8661:

8657:

8656:Meleagridinae8652:

8648:

8643:

8637:

8633:

8628:

8622:

8618:

8617:

8615:

8613:

8609:

8605:

8600:

8591:

8590:

8578:

8574:

8573:

8561:

8557:

8556:

8544:

8540:

8539:

8527:

8523:

8517:

8509:

8499:

8497:

8487:

8483:

8466:

8443:

8442:

8438:

8436:

8435:

8431:

8429:

8428:

8424:

8422:

8421:

8414:

8412:

8411:

8407:

8405:

8404:

8397:

8395:

8394:

8387:

8385:

8384:

8380:

8378:

8377:

8373:

8371:

8370:

8366:

8364:

8363:

8359:

8357:

8356:

8352:

8350:

8349:

8345:

8343:

8342:

8338:

8336:

8335:

8331:

8330:

8328:

8326:

8322:

8316:

8315:

8311:

8309:

8308:

8304:

8302:

8301:

8297:

8295:

8294:

8290:

8288:

8287:

8283:

8281:

8280:

8276:

8274:

8273:

8269:

8268:

8266:

8264:

8260:

8254:

8253:

8249:

8247:

8246:

8242:

8240:

8239:

8235:

8234:

8232:

8230:

8226:

8220:

8219:

8215:

8213:

8212:

8208:

8206:

8205:

8198:

8197:

8194:

8191:

8189:

8185:

8175:

8174:

8170:

8168:

8167:

8163:

8161:

8160:

8156:

8155:

8153:

8151:

8147:

8141:

8140:

8136:

8134:

8133:

8129:

8127:

8126:

8122:

8120:

8119:

8115:

8114:

8112:

8110:

8106:

8100:

8099:

8095:

8093:

8092:

8088:

8086:

8085:

8081:

8079:

8078:

8074:

8072:

8071:

8067:

8065:

8064:

8060:

8058:

8057:

8053:

8052:

8050:

8048:

8044:

8038:

8037:

8033:

8031:

8030:

8026:

8024:

8023:

8019:

8017:

8016:

8012:

8010:

8009:

8001:

7999:

7998:

7997:Margaroperdix7994:

7992:

7991:

7987:

7985:

7984:

7980:

7978:

7977:

7973:

7972:

7970:

7968:

7964:

7958:

7957:

7956:Tropicoperdix7953:

7952:

7949:

7946:

7944:

7940:

7934:

7933:

7929:

7927:

7926:

7922:

7920:

7919:

7915:

7913:

7912:

7908:

7906:

7905:

7901:

7899:

7898:

7894:

7893:

7891:

7889:

7885:

7879:

7878:

7871:

7869:

7868:

7861:

7859:

7858:

7851:

7849:

7848:

7847:Shandongornis7841:

7839:

7838:

7831:

7829:

7828:

7821:

7819:

7818:

7811:

7809:

7808:

7801:

7799:

7798:

7791:

7789:

7788:

7781:

7779:

7778:

7771:

7769:

7768:

7761:

7759:

7758:

7751:

7749:

7748:

7741:

7739:

7738:

7731:

7729:

7728:

7721:

7719:

7718:

7711:

7709:

7708:

7701:

7699:

7698:

7691:

7690:

7687:

7684:

7681:

7676:

7672:

7668:

7663:

7659:

7649:

7631:

7630:

7629:

7628:

7626:

7624:

7620:

7610:

7609:

7605:

7603:

7602:

7598:

7596:

7595:

7591:

7589:

7588:

7584:

7582:

7581:

7577:

7575:

7574:

7570:

7568:

7567:

7563:

7561:

7560:

7556:

7554:

7553:

7549:

7548:

7546:

7544:

7540:

7534:

7533:

7529:

7528:

7526:

7524:

7523:Ptilopachinae7520:

7514:

7513:

7506:

7504:

7503:

7496:

7494:

7493:

7486:

7485:

7482:

7479:

7477:

7473:

7467:

7466:

7459:

7457:

7456:

7452:

7450:

7449:

7445:

7443:

7442:

7438:

7436:

7435:

7431:

7430:

7428:

7426:

7422:

7418:

7414:

7409:

7405:

7395:

7373:

7372:

7371:

7370:

7368:

7366:

7362:

7348:

7347:

7343:

7341:

7340:

7336:

7334:

7333:

7329:

7327:

7326:

7322:

7321:

7319:

7317:

7313:

7307:

7306:

7302:

7300:

7299:

7295:

7294:

7291:

7288:

7286:

7282:

7276:

7275:

7271:

7269:

7268:

7264:

7262:

7261:

7257:

7255:

7254:

7250:

7248:

7247:

7243:

7242:

7240:

7238:

7234:

7228:

7227:

7220:

7218:

7217:

7210:

7208:

7207:

7200:

7198:

7197:

7190:

7189:

7186:

7183:

7181:

7177:

7167:

7166:

7162:

7160:

7159:

7158:Macrocephalon7155:

7153:

7152:

7148:

7147:

7145:

7143:

7139:

7133:

7132:

7128:

7126:

7125:

7118:

7116:

7115:

7111:

7109:

7108:

7101:

7099:

7098:

7094:

7092:

7091:

7087:

7086:

7084:

7082:

7078:

7072:

7071:

7064:

7062:

7061:

7054:

7051:

7050:

7043:

7042:

7039:

7036:

7034:

7030:

7024:

7023:

7016:

7014:

7013:

7006:

7004:

7003:

6996:

6994:

6993:

6986:

6984:

6983:

6976:

6974:

6973:

6966:

6964:

6963:

6956:

6954:

6953:

6952:Bumbanipodius6946:

6944:

6943:

6936:

6935:

6932:

6929:

6926:

6921:

6917:

6913:

6908:

6904:

6894:

6876:

6875:

6874:

6873:

6871:

6869:

6865:

6859:

6858:

6854:

6852:

6851:

6850:Megavitiornis6847:

6846:

6844:

6842:

6835:

6829:

6828:

6824:

6822:

6821:

6817:

6815:

6814:

6810:

6809:

6807:

6805:

6798:

6792:

6791:

6787:

6785:

6784:

6780:

6778:

6777:

6773:

6771:

6770:

6766:

6765:

6763:

6761:

6760:Paraortygidae6754:

6748:

6747:

6743:

6741:

6740:

6739:Gallinuloides6736:

6735:

6733:

6731:

6724:

6717:

6716:

6709:

6706:

6705:

6698:

6695:

6694:

6687:

6684:

6683:

6675:

6672:

6671:

6664:

6662:

6661:

6654:

6651:

6650:

6643:

6640:

6639:

6632:

6629:

6628:

6621:

6618:

6617:

6610:

6609:

6607:

6605:

6601:

6597:

6593:

6588:

6584:

6578:

6574:

6572:

6568:

6566:

6562:

6560:

6556:

6554:

6550:

6549:

6546:

6541:

6533:

6528:

6526:

6521:

6519:

6514:

6513:

6510:

6497:

6478:

6474:

6471:

6468:

6467:P. rufopictus6464:

6461:

6458:

6454:

6451:

6448:

6447:P. swainsonii6444:

6441:

6438:

6434:

6431:

6428:

6424:

6421:

6418:

6414:

6411:

6408:

6404:

6401:

6398:

6394:

6391:

6388:

6384:

6381:

6378:

6377:P. natalensis6374:

6371:

6368:

6364:

6363:Cape spurfowl6361:

6358:

6354:

6351:

6348:

6344:

6341:

6338:

6334:

6331:

6328:

6327:P. ahantensis6324:

6321:

6318:

6317:P. swierstrai6314:

6311:

6308:

6304:

6301:

6298:

6294:

6291:

6288:

6284:

6281:

6278:

6274:

6271:

6268:

6264:

6261:

6258:

6254:

6251:

6248:

6244:

6241:

6240:

6238:

6236:

6235:

6230:

6223:

6219:

6216:

6215:

6213:

6211:

6210:

6205:

6198:

6194:

6191:

6188:

6184:

6181:

6178:

6174:

6171:

6168:

6164:

6161:

6160:

6158:

6156:

6155:

6150:

6143:

6139:

6136:

6133:

6129:

6126:

6123:

6119:

6116:

6113:

6109:

6106:

6103:

6099:

6096:

6093:

6089:

6086:

6083:

6079:

6076:

6075:

6073:

6071:

6070:

6065:

6058:

6057:C. pectoralis6054:

6053:Stubble quail6051:

6048:

6044:

6041:

6038:

6034:

6031:

6028:

6024:

6021:

6018:

6014:

6011:

6010:

6008:

6006:

6005:

6000:

5993:

5989:

5986:

5985:

5983:

5981:

5980:

5979:Margaroperdix5975:

5968:

5964:

5961:

5958:

5954:

5951:

5948:

5944:

5941:

5938:

5934:

5931:

5930:

5928:

5926:

5925:

5920:

5913:

5909:

5906:

5903:

5899:

5896:

5895:

5893:

5891:

5890:

5885:

5878:

5874:

5871:

5868:

5864:

5861:

5858:

5854:

5851:

5848:

5844:

5841:

5838:

5837:T. caucasicus5834:

5831:

5830:

5828:

5826:

5825:

5820:

5817:

5815:

5810:

5799:

5795:

5792:

5789:

5788:S. gutturalis5785:

5782:

5779:

5775:

5772:

5769:

5768:S. psilolaema5765:

5762:

5759:

5755:

5752:

5749:

5745:

5742:

5739:

5735:

5732:

5731:

5729:

5727:

5726:

5721:

5714:

5713:C. schlegelii5710:

5707:

5704:

5700:

5697:

5694:

5690:

5687:

5686:

5684:

5682:

5681:

5676:

5669:

5665:

5662:

5659:

5655:

5652:

5649:

5645:

5642:

5641:

5639:

5637:

5636:

5631:

5624:

5620:

5617:

5614:

5610:

5607:

5604:

5600:

5597:

5596:

5594:

5592:

5591:

5586:

5579:

5575:

5572:

5571:

5569:

5567:

5566:

5561:

5554:

5550:

5547:

5544:

5543:G. sonneratii5540:

5537:

5534:

5530:

5527:

5524:

5520:

5517:

5516:

5514:

5512:

5511:

5506:

5499:

5495:

5492:

5489:

5488:B. thoracicus5485:

5482:

5479:

5475:

5472:

5471:

5469:

5467:

5466:

5461:

5458:

5456:

5451:

5440:

5436:

5433:

5430:

5426:

5423:

5420:

5419:P. katsumatae5416:

5413:

5410:

5409:P. inopinatum5406:

5403:

5400:

5396:

5393:

5390:

5386:

5383:

5380:

5376:

5373:

5370:

5366:

5363:

5362:

5360:

5358:

5357:

5352:

5345:

5341:

5338:

5335:

5331:

5328:

5325:

5321:

5318:

5317:

5315:

5313:

5312:

5307:

5300:

5296:

5293:

5292:

5290:

5288:

5287:

5282:

5279:

5277:

5272:

5261:

5257:

5254:

5251:

5250:T. charltonii5247:

5244:

5243:

5241:

5239:

5238:

5237:Tropicoperdix5233:

5226:

5222:

5221:Green peafowl5219:

5216:

5212:

5209:

5208:

5206:

5204:

5203:

5198:

5191:

5187:

5186:Congo peafowl5184:

5183:

5181:

5179:

5178:

5173:

5166:

5162:

5159:

5158:

5156:

5154:

5153:

5148:

5141:

5140:R. nigrescens5137:

5134:

5131:

5127:

5124:

5123:

5121:

5119:

5118:

5113:

5110:

5108:

5103:

5099:

5095:

5089:

5085:

5070:

5069:A. orientalis5066:

5063:

5060:

5056:

5053:

5050:

5046:

5043:

5040:

5036:

5033:

5030:

5026:

5023:

5020:

5019:A. hyperythra5016:

5013:

5010:

5006:

5003:

5000:

4996:

4993:

4990:

4986:

4983:

4980:

4976:

4973:

4970:

4966:

4963:

4960:

4959:A. cambodiana4956:

4953:

4950:

4946:

4943:

4940:

4936:

4933:

4930:

4926:

4923:

4920:

4916:

4913:

4910:

4906:

4903:

4900:

4899:A. rufipectus4896:

4893:

4890:

4886:

4883:

4882:

4880:

4878:

4874:

4867:

4863:

4860:

4859:

4857:

4855:

4851:

4844:

4840:

4837:

4836:

4834:

4832:

4828:

4821:

4817:

4814:

4813:

4811:

4809:

4805:

4798:

4794:

4791:

4788:

4787:X. obscuratus4784:

4781:

4780:

4778:

4776:

4772:

4768:

4764:

4758:

4754:

4735:

4731:

4728:

4725:

4724:L. nycthemera4721:

4718:

4715:

4711:

4708:

4703:

4699:

4696:

4695:

4693:

4689:

4686:

4683:

4682:L. imperialis4679:

4676:

4673:

4669:

4666:

4663:

4659:

4656:

4653:

4649:

4646:

4643:

4639:

4636:

4633:

4629:

4626:

4623:

4619:

4616:

4615:

4613:

4611:

4610:

4605:

4598:

4594:

4591:

4588:

4584:

4581:

4578:

4574:

4571:

4568:

4564:

4561:

4560:

4558:

4556:

4555:

4550:

4543:

4539:

4536:

4535:

4533:

4531:

4530:

4525:

4518:

4517:P. versicolor4514:

4511:

4508:

4504:

4501:

4500:

4498:

4496:

4495:

4490:

4483:

4479:

4476:

4473:

4472:C. amherstiae4469:

4466:

4465:

4463:

4461:

4460:

4455:

4448:

4444:

4441:

4438:

4434:

4431:

4428:

4424:

4421:

4418:

4414:

4411:

4408:

4404:

4401:

4400:

4398:

4396:

4395:

4390:

4383:

4382:P. hodgsoniae4379:

4376:

4373:

4369:

4366:

4363:

4359:

4356:

4355:

4353:

4351:

4350:

4345:

4342:

4340:

4335:

4324:

4323:R. dulitensis4320:

4317:

4314:

4310:

4307:

4306:

4304:

4302:

4301:

4296:

4293:

4291:

4286:

4275:

4271:

4268:

4263:

4259:

4256:

4253:

4250:

4249:

4247:

4243:

4240:

4235:

4231:

4228:

4227:

4225:

4221:

4218:

4217:

4215:

4213:

4212:

4207:

4200:

4196:

4193:

4190:

4186:

4183:

4182:

4180:

4178:

4177:

4172:

4165:

4161:

4160:Ruffed grouse4158:

4157:

4155:

4153:

4152:

4147:

4140:

4136:

4133:

4130:

4126:

4123:

4122:

4120:

4118:

4117:

4112:

4105:

4101:

4098:

4095:

4091:

4088:

4087:

4085:

4083:

4082:

4077:

4070:

4066:

4063:

4058:

4054:

4051:

4050:

4048:

4044:

4041:

4040:

4038:

4036:

4035:

4030:

4023:

4019:

4016:

4013:

4009:

4006:

4001:

4000:L. l. scotica3997:

3994:

3993:

3991:

3987:

3984:

3983:

3981:

3979:

3978:

3973:

3966:

3962:

3959:

3956:

3952:

3949:

3948:

3946:

3944:

3943:

3938:

3931:

3927:

3924:

3923:

3921:

3919:

3918:

3913:

3904:

3900:

3897:

3896:

3894:

3893:C. canadensis3890:

3889:Spruce grouse3887:

3886:

3884:

3882:

3881:

3876:

3873:

3871:

3867:

3862:

3851:

3847:

3841:

3838:

3834:

3831:

3828:

3824:

3821:

3820:

3818:

3816:

3815:

3810:

3807:

3805:

3800:

3789:

3788:P. macrolopha3785:

3782:

3781:

3779:

3777:

3776:

3771:

3768:

3766:

3761:

3750:

3746:

3745:Chinese monal3743:

3740:

3736:

3733:

3730:

3726:

3723:

3722:

3720:

3718:

3717:

3712:

3705:

3704:T. szechenyii3701:

3698:

3695:

3691:

3688:

3687:

3685:

3683:

3682:

3677:

3670:

3669:T. temminckii3666:

3663:

3660:

3656:

3653:

3650:

3646:

3643:

3640:

3636:

3633:

3630:

3626:

3623:

3622:

3620:

3618:

3617:

3612:

3609:

3607:

3602:

3591:

3587:

3584:

3583:

3581:

3579:

3578:

3573:

3570:

3568:

3563:

3552:

3548:

3545:

3544:

3542:

3540:

3539:

3534:

3531:

3529:

3524:

3520:

3516:

3510:

3506:

3500:

3496:

3494:

3490:

3488:

3484:

3482:

3478:

3477:

3474:

3470:

3463:

3458:

3456:

3451:

3449:

3444:

3443:

3440:

3433:

3429:

3428:

3423:

3421:

3417:

3414:

3413:

3409:

3389:

3382:

3381:

3373:

3371:

3367:

3354:

3350:

3344:

3341:

3328:

3324:

3320:

3314:

3311:

3298:

3294:

3288:

3285:

3272:

3268:

3262:

3259:

3254:

3250:

3245:

3240:

3236:

3232:

3227:

3222:

3218:

3214:

3210:

3206:

3202:

3195:

3192:

3187:

3183:

3178:

3173:

3168:

3163:

3159:

3155:

3154:

3149:

3147:

3137:

3134:

3121:

3115:

3112:

3100:

3096:

3090:

3087:

3075:

3071:

3065:

3062:

3057:

3053:

3049:

3045:

3041:

3037:

3033:

3026:

3023:

3011:

3007:

3000:

2997:

2984:

2980:

2977:Buchholz, R.2973:

2970:

2957:

2953:

2946:

2943:

2938:

2932:

2928:

2927:

2919:

2916:

2911:

2905:

2901:

2900:

2892:

2889:

2884:

2878:

2874:

2873:

2865:

2862:

2849:

2845:

2838:

2835:

2822:

2818:

2811:

2808:

2803:

2799:

2794:

2789:

2785:

2781:

2777:

2773:

2772:

2767:

2760:

2757:

2752:

2748:

2743:

2738:

2733:

2728:

2724:

2720:

2716:

2714:

2704:

2701:

2696:

2692:

2687:

2682:

2677:

2672:

2668:

2664:

2660:

2656:

2652:

2645:

2642:

2639:, Number 509.2638:

2634:

2630:

2627:

2625:

2617:

2614:

2611:

2607:

2604:

2598:

2592:

2587:

2586:

2577:

2574:

2570:

2566:

2560:

2557:

2544:

2540:

2539:

2534:

2527:

2524:

2511:

2507:

2506:

2501:

2494:

2491:

2478:

2474:

2468:

2465:

2452:

2448:

2447:

2442:

2435:

2432:

2427:

2423:

2419:

2415:

2411:

2407:

2403:

2399:

2395:

2388:

2385:

2380:

2373:

2371:

2367:

2362:

2361:

2356:

2349:

2347:

2345:

2341:

2337:

2331:

2328:

2324:

2318:

2315:

2302:

2298:

2294:

2287:

2284:

2280:

2274:

2272:

2268:

2255:

2251:

2250:

2242:

2239:

2234:

2228:

2224:

2223:

2215:

2212:

2207:

2201:

2197:

2196:

2188:

2185:

2179:

2176:

2172:

2168:

2165:

2160:

2157:

2153:

2149:

2145:

2141:

2138:

2132:

2129:

2116:

2112:

2111:The Economist2108:

2102:

2099:

2095:

2091:

2087:

2083:

2080:

2079:

2072:

2069:

2065:

2061:

2057:

2053:

2050:

2049:

2043:

2040:

2027:

2023:

2019:

2012:

2010:

2008:

2006:

2002:

1996:

1993:

1988:

1982:

1978:

1977:Avian biology1971:

1969:

1965:

1952:

1948:

1944:

1938:

1935:

1922:

1918:

1914:

1910:

1906:

1900:

1897:

1884:

1880:

1876:

1872:

1868:

1864:

1860:

1856:

1852:

1848:

1844:

1840:

1833:

1830:

1827:

1823:

1820:

1816:

1813:

1806:

1803:

1790:

1786:

1785:

1780:

1774:

1771:

1766:

1760:

1756:

1749:

1746:

1733:

1729:

1728:

1723:

1717:

1714:

1701:

1697:

1693:

1689:

1685:

1678:

1675:

1671:

1667:

1663:

1659:

1656:

1655:

1648:

1645:

1641:

1637:

1633:

1629:

1626:

1625:

1619:

1616:

1612:

1608:

1605:

1599:

1596:

1589:

1583:

1580:

1577:A male (tom)1573:

1568:

1561:

1556:

1551:

1549:

1547:

1543:

1539:

1535:

1527:

1525:

1523:

1519:

1515:

1510:

1507:

1503:

1499:

1491:

1487:

1482:

1477:

1473:

1466:Use by humans1465:

1463:

1456:

1454:

1452:

1444:

1442:

1438:

1435:

1431:

1423:

1420:

1413:

1409:

1388:

1386:

1384:

1380:

1379:immune system1376:

1372:

1367:

1363:

1355:

1353:

1350:

1348:

1343:

1341:

1336:

1333:

1324:

1317:

1315:

1313:

1309:

1305:

1301:

1293:

1290:

1288:

1287:Parapavo/Pavo1284:

1283:

1279:

1276:

1273:

1270:

1266:

1263:

1262:

1258:

1256:

1254:

1253:Cariamiformes1251:

1247:

1243:

1242:

1237:

1233:

1232:

1227:

1222:

1220:

1216:

1212:

1209:

1205:

1201:

1197:

1193:

1189:

1185:

1181:

1177:

1176:

1171:

1170:

1166:

1163:

1159:

1149:

1148:Early Miocene1145:

1138:Fossil record1137:

1135:

1133:

1128:

1126:

1122:

1118:

1117:pecking order1110:

1108:

1101:

1099:

1096:

1091:

1089:

1085:

1080:

1079:

1073:

1069:

1065:

1060:

1054:

1048:

1043:

1039:

1032:

1028:

1027:Alfred Tozzer1024:

1020:

1015:

1008:

1006:

1004:

1000:

995:

993:

989:

985:

981:

977:

973:

969:

965:

960:

958:

953:

948:

944:

939:

934:

930:

925:

920:

915:

904:

899:

893:

891:

890:

889:Twelfth Night885:

881:

876:

874:

870:

866:

862:

857:

855:

851:

847:

843:

839:

835:

831:

827:

823:

820:The linguist815:

811:

810:

804:

797:

792:

789:

786:

783:

780:

777:

776:

772:

766:

763:

762:

756:

753:

747:

741:

738:

735:

729:

725:

719:

718:

714:

712:

708:

700:

695:

691:

688:

685:

684:

678:

675:

669:

663:

660:

657:

651:

647:

640:

637:

634:

631:

628:

625:

622:

619:

616:

615:M. g. osceola613:

610:

607:

592:

591:

587:

585:

581:

573:

568:

564:

560:

543:

538:

534:

529:

528:

521:

515:

513:

511:

507:

503:

500:

497:

493:

489:

485:

481:

477:

473:

468:

466:

462:

458:

454:

450:

449:Ancient Greek446:

445:

440:

439:tenth edition436:

435:Carl Linnaeus432:

429:

421:

416:

412:

407:

403:

400:

395:

393:

390:, during the389:

385:

380:

378:

374:

370:

366:

362:

358:

354:

350:

349:

345:

341:

337:

329:

324:

314:

313:

308:

306:

305:

300:

298:

297:

293:

291:

290:

286:

285:

283:

278:

270:

266:

262:

259:

255:

251:

247:

242:

241:

237:

234:

233:

230:

227:

224:

223:

220:

217:

214:

213:

210:

207:

204:

203:

200:

197:

194:

193:

190:

187:

184:

183:

180:

177:

174:

173:

170:

167:

164:

163:

160:

157:

154:

153:

148:

143:

139:

135:

130:

126:

121:

115:

107:

102:

97:

92:

87:

82:

77:

72:

67:

62:

57:

52:

46:

35:

32:

30:

26:

22:

8611:

8587:

8570:

8558:from Commons8553:

8536:

8515:

8439:

8432:

8425:

8420:Rhegminornis8418:

8408:

8401:

8391:

8382:

8381:

8374:

8367:

8360:

8353:

8348:Centrocercus8346:

8339:

8332:

8312:

8305:

8298:

8291:

8286:Crossoptilon8284:

8279:Chrysolophus8277:

8270:

8250:

8245:Tetraophasis8243:

8236:

8229:Lophophorini8216:

8209:

8202:

8173:Polyplectron8171:

8164:

8157:

8137:

8130:

8123:

8116:

8096:

8089:

8082:

8075:

8068:

8063:Campocolinus8061:

8054:

8036:Tetraogallus8034:

8027:

8020:

8013:

8006:

7995:

7988:

7981:

7974:

7954:

7930:

7923:

7916:

7911:Melanoperdix7909:

7902:

7895:

7875:

7867:Titanoperdix7865:

7855:

7845:

7835:

7827:Rustaviornis7825:

7815:

7805:

7797:Panraogallus7795:

7785:

7775:

7765:

7755:

7745:

7735:

7725:

7715:

7705:

7695:

7606:

7599:

7592:

7587:Odontophorus7585:

7578:

7571:

7564:

7557:

7550:

7530:

7510:

7500:

7490:

7463:

7453:

7446:

7439:

7432:

7413:Phasianoidea7365:Phasianoidea7344:

7337:

7330:

7323:

7303:

7296:

7272:

7265:

7258:

7251:

7244:

7224:

7216:Palaeonossax7214:

7204:

7194:

7163:

7156:

7149:

7129:

7122:

7112:

7105:

7095:

7088:

7068:

7058:

7047:

7033:Megapodiidae7020:

7012:Sobniogallus7010:

7000:

6990:

6980:

6970:

6960:

6950:

6940:

6855:

6848:

6825:

6818:

6811:

6788:

6781:

6774:

6767:

6744:

6737:

6713:

6702:

6691:

6680:

6668:

6658:

6647:

6636:

6625:

6614:

6603:

6571:Galloanserae6569:Superorder:6476:

6466:

6456:

6446:

6436:

6426:

6416:

6407:P. squamatus6406:

6396:

6386:

6376:

6366:

6357:P. adspersus6356:

6346:

6336:

6326:

6316:

6306:

6296:

6287:P. atrifrons6286:

6276:

6266:

6256:

6247:P. hartlaubi6246:

6232:

6221:

6207:

6196:

6186:

6177:P. argoondah6176:

6166:

6152:

6141:

6131:

6121:

6111:

6101:

6091:

6081:

6067:

6056:

6046:

6036:

6033:Common quail6026:

6016:

6002:

5991:

5977:

5967:S. chinensis5966:

5957:S. adansonii5956:

5946:

5936:

5922:

5911:

5901:

5887:

5876:

5867:T. tibetanus5866:

5856:

5846:

5836:

5824:Tetraogallus5822:

5797:

5787:

5777:

5767:

5757:

5747:

5737:

5723:

5712:

5702:

5692:

5680:Campocolinus5678:

5667:

5657:

5647:

5633:

5622:

5612:

5602:

5588:

5577:

5563:

5552:

5542:

5533:G. lafayetii5532:

5522:

5508:

5498:B. sonorivox5497:

5487:

5477:

5463:

5438:

5429:P. malacense5428:

5418:

5408:

5398:

5388:

5379:P. chalcurum5378:

5368:

5356:Polyplectron5354:

5343:

5333:

5323:

5320:Red spurfowl5309:

5298:

5284:

5260:T. chloropus5259:

5249:

5235:

5224:

5215:P. cristatus5214:

5200:

5190:A. congensis5189:

5175:

5164:

5150:

5139:

5129:

5115:

5068:

5058:

5049:A. sumatrana5048:

5038:

5029:A. campbelli5028:

5018:

5008:

4998:

4988:

4978:

4968:

4958:

4948:

4938:

4928:

4918:

4909:A. mandellii4908:

4898:

4889:A. torqueola4888:

4865:

4854:Melanoperdix4842:

4819:

4796:

4786:

4733:

4723:

4713:

4701:

4691:

4681:

4671:

4661:

4651:

4641:

4631:

4621:

4607:

4596:

4586:

4576:

4566:

4554:Crossoptilon4552:

4541:

4527:

4516:

4507:P. colchicus4506:

4492:

4481:

4471:

4459:Chrysolophus4457:

4446:

4436:

4426:

4416:

4406:

4392:

4381:

4371:

4361:

4347:

4322:

4312:

4298:

4290:Rhizotherini4273:

4261:

4245:

4233:

4223:

4209:

4198:

4188:

4176:Centrocercus4174:

4163:

4149:

4139:T. sewerzowi4138:

4128:

4125:Hazel grouse4114:

4103:

4093:

4090:Black grouse4079:

4068:

4056:

4047:T. urogallus4046:

4032:

4021:

4011:

3999:

3989:

3975:

3964:

3961:Sooty grouse3954:

3951:Dusky grouse3940:

3929:

3915:

3902:

3892:

3878:

3849:

3836:

3827:M. gallopavo3826:

3813:

3812:

3804:Meleagridini3787:

3773:

3748:

3738:

3729:L. impejanus3728:

3714:

3703:

3693:

3681:Tetraophasis3679:

3668:

3658:

3648:

3638:

3628:

3614:

3606:Lophophorini3589:

3575:

3550:

3536:

3426:

3395:. Retrieved3379:

3357:. Retrieved3343:

3331:. Retrieved3322:

3313:

3301:. Retrieved3287:

3275:. Retrieved3261:

3208:

3204:

3194:

3157:

3153:BMC Genomics3151:

3145:

3136:

3124:. Retrieved3114:

3102:. Retrieved3099:www.nwtf.org3098:

3089:

3077:. Retrieved3073:

3064:

3039:

3035:

3025:

3013:. Retrieved3009:

2999:

2987:. Retrieved2972:

2960:. Retrieved2945:

2925:

2918:

2898:

2891:

2871:

2864:

2852:. Retrieved2837:

2825:. Retrieved2821:the original2810:

2775:

2769:

2759:

2722:

2719:PLOS Biology2718:

2712:

2703:

2658:

2654:

2644:

2636:

2623:

2616:

2584:

2576:

2568:

2564:

2559:

2547:. Retrieved2536:

2526:

2514:. Retrieved2510:the original2503:

2493:

2481:. Retrieved2477:the original2467:

2455:. Retrieved2451:the original2444:

2434:

2401:

2397:

2387:

2360:Star Tribune2358:

2335:

2330:

2322:

2317:

2305:. Retrieved2296:

2286:

2278:

2258:. Retrieved2248:

2241:

2221:

2214:

2194:

2187:

2178:

2159:

2131:

2119:. Retrieved2110:

2101:

2077:

2071:

2047:

2042:

2030:. Retrieved2021:

1995:

1976:

1957:23 September1955:. Retrieved1947:ScienceDaily1946:

1937:

1925:. Retrieved1916:

1899:

1887:. Retrieved1846:

1842:

1832:

1819:PDF fulltext1814:

1811:

1805:

1793:. Retrieved1783:

1773:

1754:

1748:

1736:. Retrieved1726:

1716:

1704:. Retrieved1687:

1677:

1653:

1647:

1623:

1618:

1598:

1581:

1531:

1514:Thanksgiving1511:

1497:

1496:The species1495:

1460:

1448:

1439:

1427:

1359:

1351:

1344:

1337:

1331:

1329:

1307:

1297:

1291:

1286:

1280:

1274:

1264:

1250:bathornithid1239:

1229:

1223:

1210:

1199:

1191:

1188:basal turkey1180:Late Miocene1173:

1169:Rhegminornis1167:

1141:

1129:

1114:

1105:

1092:

1084:Tenochtitlán1035:

1022:

1019:Maya codices1002:

998:

996:

992:water turkey991:

987:

979:

971:

964:brushturkeys961:

894:

887:

877:

872:

868:

865:turkey-co*cks864:

861:domesticated858:

853:

849:

845:

841:

825:

819:

807:

793:- New Mexico787:

778:

764:

758:

751:

745:

739:

722:Cuvier, 1820715:

696:

686:

680:

673:

667:

661:

638:

632:

626:

620:

614:

608:

588:

569:

545:Common name526:

525:

519:

469:

464:

457:type species452:

442:

430:

425:

414:

396:

381:

364:

356:

347:

346:

335:

333:

327:

312:M. crassipes310:

302:

294:

289:M. gallopavo287:

264:

258:Type species239:

238:

31:

29:

8755:iNaturalist8636:Wikispecies8538:Definitions8508:Agriculture8441:Tympanuchus8362:Falcipennis8355:Dendragapus8238:Lophophorus8204:Chauvireria8188:Phasianinae8166:Haematortyx8159:Galloperdix8098:Scleroptila8070:Francolinus8056:Bambusicola7967:Coturnicini7897:Arborophila7857:Shanxiornis7837:Schaubortyx7737:Lophogallus7707:Centuriavis7680:Phasianidae7667:Phasianidae7632:See below ↓7623:Phasianidae7608:Rhynchortyx7573:Dactylortyx7532:Ptilopachus7374:See below ↓7253:Chamaepetes7237:Penelopinae7206:Boreortalis7142:Megapodiini7107:Latagallina7070:Ngawupodius7049:Garrdimalga6962:Bumbanortyx6925:Galliformes6912:Galliformes6877:See below ↓6868:Galliformes6813:Ameripodius6790:Xorazmortyx6783:Scopelortyx6660:Chambiortyx6649:Austinornis6616:Anisolornis6437:P. harwoodi6367:P. capensis6347:P. jacksoni6297:P. erckelii6167:P. asiatica6047:C. japonica6037:C. coturnix5933:Brown quail5877:T. altaicus5814:Coturnicini5798:S. shelleyi5725:Scleroptila5635:Francolinus5603:O. sephaena5465:Bambusicola5399:P. germaini5389:P. emphanum5334:G. lunulata5324:G. spadicea5311:Galloperdix5286:Haematortyx5161:Great argus5130:R. ocellata5059:A. javanica4877:Arborophila4734:L. swinhoii4692:L. inornata4642:L. edwardsi4372:P. dauurica4211:Tympanuchus4164:B. umbellus3955:D. obscurus3942:Dendragapus3917:Falcipennis3837:M. ocellata3823:Wild turkey3739:L. sclateri3716:Lophophorus3694:T. obscurus3590:I. cruentus3515:Phasianinae3499:Galliformes3469:Phasianidae3359:24 December3333:24 December3303:27 December3277:24 December3269:. OneKind.3126:19 February3104:26 February3079:26 February3015:21 November2962:28 November2771:GigaScience2603:lay summary2260:25 November2121:22 December1905:Gill, Frank1579:wild turkey1408:petting zoo1347:cannibalism1312:Galliformes1304:Phasianidae1269:Bone Valley1070:and Father1047:huehxōlō-tl869:turkey-hens846:turkey fowl842:turkey coqs806:Plate 1 of650:Mesoamerica563:Wild turkey502:Galliformes472:Phasianidae461:wild turkey451:μελεαγρις,399:guinea fowl377:Galliformes353:wild turkey338:is a large296:M. ocellata269:wild turkey219:Phasianinae215:Subfamily:209:Phasianidae199:Galliformes134:wild turkey21:Turkey meat8894:Game birds8878:Categories8572:Quotations8341:Canachites8325:Tetraonini8314:Syrmaticus8263:Phasianini8139:Rheinardia8125:Argusianus8091:Peliperdix8084:Ortygornis8022:Pternistis7983:Ammoperdix7932:Xenoperdix7918:Rhizothera7904:Caloperdix7888:Rollulinae7817:Plioperdix7807:Pliogallus7787:Palaeortyx7717:Diangallus7580:Dendrortyx7552:Callipepla7298:Oreophasis7267:Penelopina7165:Megapodius7090:Aepypodius7081:Alecturini6972:Linquornis6857:Sylviornis6704:Percolinus6682:Gigantibis6670:Coturnipes6638:Argillipes6538:Genera of6267:P. nobilis6234:Pternistis6132:A. barbara6122:A. philbyi6013:Rain quail5963:King quail5953:Blue quail5889:Ammoperdix5847:T. caspius5758:S. finschi5623:O. gularis5590:Ortygornis5578:P. lathami5565:Peliperdix5478:B. fytchii5225:P. muticus5152:Argusianus5117:Rheinardia5092:Subfamily4949:A. diversa4919:A. gingica4843:R. rouloul4820:C. oculeus4808:Caloperdix4775:Xenoperdix4763:Rollulinae4761:Subfamily4622:L. bulweri4587:C. harmani4567:C. auritum4447:S. reevesi4407:S. ellioti4394:Syrmaticus4339:Phasianini4300:Rhizothera4199:C. minimus4129:T. bonasia4022:L. leucura3996:Red grouse3990:L. lagopus3880:Canachites3866:Tetraonini3765:Pucrasiini3749:L. lhuysii3629:T. blythii3567:Ithaginini3513:Subfamily3397:2 December3122:. BirdFact3074:The Spruce2661:(1): 190.2307:21 January2277:"Turkey."2152:08122013611849:: 107091.1706:3 February1590:References1470:See also:1417:See also:1121:habituated830:guineafowl510:Tetraonini488:junglefowl484:francolins480:partridges229:Tetraonini136:strutting43:23–08899:Meleagris8669:Meleagris8642:Meleagris8612:Meleagris8434:Tetrastes8383:Meleagris8307:Phasianus8211:Ithaginis8015:Perdicula7976:Alectoris7943:Pavoninae7877:Tologuica7757:Miogallus7601:Philortyx7441:Agelastes7434:Acryllium7425:Numididae7339:Nothocrax7131:Talegalla7022:Taoperdix6982:Namaortyx6827:Taubacrex6769:Paraortyx6715:Tegulavis6693:Litoripes6551:Kingdom:6154:Perdicula6112:A. chukar6102:A. graeca6069:Alectoris5658:F. pictus5553:G. varius5523:G. gallus5094:Pavoninae5009:A. davidi4969:A. ardens4672:L. ignita4632:L. diardi4494:Phasianus4482:C. pictus4427:S. mikado4417:S. humiae4362:P. perdix4254:(extinct)4252:Heath hen4246:T. cupido4116:Tetrastes4094:L. tetrix3814:Meleagris3659:T. satyra3639:T. caboti3577:Ithaginis3479:Kingdom:3424:View the3416:Meleagris3235:0027-84243056:0931-26682563:Formerly2516:25 August2483:25 August2457:25 August2426:2489331332418:2328-55402066:, p. 12171927:23 August1879:2319630631863:1055-79031795:24 August1738:24 August1696:0362-43311642:, p. 12171522:Christmas1488:, gravy,1371:infection1362:selection1340:caruncles1275:Meleagris1265:Meleagris1226:Oligocene1200:Meleagris1192:Meleagris1178:(Kimball1155: 231064:ideograms1053:guajolote968:megapodes933:Ukrainian914:indyushka822:Mario Pei527:Meleagris496:taxonomic476:pheasants453:meleagris431:Meleagris367:) of the348:Meleagris240:Meleagris165:Kingdom:159:Eukaryota8708:455106188621:Wikidata8410:Pucrasia8252:Tragopan8118:Afropavo8109:Pavonini8029:Synoicus8008:Ophrysia7990:Coturnix7925:Rollulus7767:Mioryaba7697:Bantamyx7594:Oreortyx7566:Cyrtonyx7502:Nanortyx7465:Telecrex7285:Cracinae7260:Penelope7180:Cracidae7097:Alectura6942:Amitabha6776:Pirortyx6559:Chordata6557:Phylum:6553:Animalia6540:landfowl6209:Ophrysia6092:A. magna6004:Coturnix5924:Synoicus5693:C. coqui5177:Afropavo5165:A. argus5107:Pavonini5039:A. rolli4866:M. niger4831:Rollulus3775:Pucrasia3616:Tragopan3551:L. lerwa3487:Chordata3485:Phylum:3481:Animalia3388:Archived3353:Archived3327:Archived3297:Archived3271:Archived3253:201336143186:228916122983:Archived2956:Archived2848:Archived2802:374897512793:103603932751:208386552695:179250252629:Archived2606:Archived2543:Archived2301:Archived2254:Archived2167:Archived2140:Archived2115:Archived2082:Archived2052:Archived2026:Archived1951:Archived1921:Archived1889:1 August1883:Archived1871:335452751822:Archived1789:Archived1732:Archived1724:(1758).1700:Archived1672:, p. 17.1658:Archived1628:Archived1607:Archived1486:log cake1451:preening1445:Grooming1430:wildlife1389:Behavior1375:coccidia1356:Function1241:Paracrax1125:dominate1078:tianguis730:, Mexico533:Linnaeus422:Taxonomy280:Species246:Linnaeus205:Family:179:Chordata175:Phylum:169:Animalia155:Domain:116:– Recent8856:ZooBank8747:24735488482:Portals8376:Lyrurus8369:Lagopus8293:Lophura8272:Catreus8047:Gallini7559:Colinus7512:Neortyx7492:Miortyx7448:Guttera7316:Cracini7305:Ortalis7246:Aburria7226:Procrax7151:Eulipoa7124:Progura7002:Procrax6575:Clade:6563:Class:6477:P. afer6142:A. rufa5912:A. heyi5778:S. afra5455:Gallini4609:Lophura4529:Catreus4081:Lyrurus4012:L. muta3977:Lagopus3528:Lerwini3497:Order:3491:Class:3427:melGal13244:28403363213:Bibcode3177:34966293160:: 391.2742:29354542686:21692342663:Bibcode2549:22 June2096:. p. 172032:18 July1552:Gallery1424:Feeding1318:Anatomy1271:, U.S.)1228:fossil1162:extinct1144:fossils1088:tamales1009:History984:anhinga982:). The974:is the943:Turkish919:Russian908:индюшка873:turkeys854:turkeys746:Habitat711:Female668:Habitat584:Female459:is the441:of his437:in the409:A male388:Eurasia342:in the235:Genus:225:Tribe:195:Order:185:Class:132:A male114:Miocene8822:4464818806:NZOR:8773:1761358721:1MLEAG8627:Q437948516:Turkey8427:Tetrao8334:Bonasa8300:Perdix8077:Gallus7455:Numida7274:Pipile7114:Leipoa7060:Mwalau5812:Tribe5510:Gallus5453:Tribe5274:Tribe5105:Tribe4349:Perdix4337:Tribe4288:Tribe4151:Bonasa4034:Tetrao3870:Grouse3864:Tribe3802:Tribe3763:Tribe3604:Tribe3565:Tribe3526:Tribe3420:Curlie3251:3241:3233:3184:3174:3054:2933:2906:2879:2800:2790:2749:2739:2693:2683:2593:2424:2416:2229:2202:2150:2092:2062:1983:1877:1869:1861:1761:1694:1668:1638:1502:Mexico1457:Flight1434:grains1366:dyadic1246:cracid1165:genera935:, and929:Polish903:French826:turkey551:Range524:Genus506:grouse492:grouse373:wattle336:turkey112:Early37:Turkey8843:Plazi8835:393418555:Media8496:Birds8218:Lerwa7346:Pauxi3538:Lerwa3391:(PDF)3384:(PDF)3323:Slate2989:3 May2854:3 May2827:3 May2422:S2CID2404:(2).1875:S2CID1412:Japan1332:snood1082:) of1003:poult999:chick938:hindi924:indyk898:dinde798:Names499:order428:genus344:genus8799:91028794:NCBI8768:ITIS8742:GBIF8716:EPPO8695:5NN88682:68338677:BOLD8589:Taxa8132:Pavo7332:Mitu7325:Crax6565:Aves5202:Pavo3493:Aves3399:20193361:20153335:20153305:20153279:20153249:PMID3231:ISSN3182:PMID3128:20233106:20233081:20233052:ISSN3017:20222991:20132964:20192931:ISBN2904:ISBN2877:ISBN2856:20132829:20132798:PMID2747:PMID2691:PMID2591:ISBN2551:20222518:20172485:20172459:20172414:ISSN2309:20182262:20212227:ISBN2200:ISBN2148:ISBN2123:20142090:ISBN2060:ISBN2034:20161981:ISBN1959:20171929:20211891:20211867:PMID1859:ISSN1797:20211759:ISBN1740:20211708:20201692:ISSN1666:ISBN1636:ISBN1474:and1224:The1119:and1059:pavo1029:and966:are957:Peru952:peru931:and867:and836:via752:Diet740:Size703:Male674:Diet662:Size576:Male565:and537:1758426:The340:bird334:The250:1758189:Aves51:PreꞒ8781:NBN8760:9058703:EoL8690:CoL8664:AFD8651:ADW5701:, (3418:at3239:PMC3221:doi3209:1073172:PMC3162:doi3044:doi3040:1212788:PMC2780:doi2737:PMC2727:doi2681:PMC2671:doi2406:doi2022:NPR1851:doi1847:1581410:in1158:mya1025:by1001:or959:'.927:in848:or812:by467:).8880::8858::8845::8832::8819::8796::8783::8770::8757::8744::8731::8718::8705::8692::8679::8666::8653::8638::8623::6685:"?4694:)4248:)4226:)4049:)3992:)3895:)3369:^3321:.3247:.3237:.3229:.3219:.3207:.3203:.3180:.3170:.3158:133156:.3150:.3148:)"3097:.3072:.3050:.3038:.3034:.3008:.2981:.2954:.2846:.2796:.2786:.2778:.2776:122774:.2768:.2745:.2735:.2721:.2717:.2689:.2679:.2669:.2657:.2653:.2635:.2601:;2541:.2535:.2502:.2443:.2420:.2412:.2402:462400:.2396:.2369:^2357:.2343:^2299:.2295:.2270:^2252:.2109:.2024:.2020:.2004:^1967:^1949:.1945:.1915:.1881:.1873:.1865:.1857:.1845:.1841:.1815:521698:.1690:.1686:.1524:.1255:.1221:.1152:c.1005:.921:,905:,875:.856:.754::748::742::676::670::664::535:,530:–512:.490:,486:,482:,478:,394:.248:,101:Pg45:Ma8524::8484::8416:†8399:†8389:†8200:†8005:?8003:†7873:†7863:†7853:†7843:†7833:†7823:†7813:†7803:†7793:†7783:†7773:†7763:†7753:†7743:†7733:†7723:†7713:†7703:†7693:†7508:†7498:†7488:†7461:†7222:†7212:†7202:†7192:†7120:†7103:†7066:†7056:†7052:?7045:†7018:†7008:†6998:†6988:†6978:†6968:†6958:†6948:†6938:†6838:†6801:†6757:†6727:†6718:?6711:†6707:?6700:†6696:?6689:†6679:"6677:†6673:?6666:†6656:†6652:?6645:†6641:?6634:†6630:?6623:†6619:?6612:†6531:e6524:t6517:v6479:)6475:(6469:)6465:(6459:)6455:(6449:)6445:(6439:)6435:(6429:)6425:(6419:)6415:(6409:)6405:(6399:)6395:(6389:)6385:(6379:)6375:(6369:)6365:(6359:)6355:(6349:)6345:(6339:)6335:(6329:)6325:(6319:)6315:(6309:)6305:(6299:)6295:(6289:)6285:(6279:)6275:(6269:)6265:(6259:)6255:(6249:)6245:(6220:(6199:)6195:(6189:)6185:(6179:)6175:(6169:)6165:(6144:)6140:(6134:)6130:(6124:)6120:(6114:)6110:(6104:)6100:(6094:)6090:(6084:)6080:(6059:)6055:(6049:)6045:(6039:)6035:(6029:)6025:(6019:)6015:(5994:)5990:(5969:)5965:(5959:)5955:(5949:)5945:(5939:)5935:(5914:)5910:(5904:)5900:(5879:)5875:(5869:)5865:(5859:)5855:(5849:)5845:(5839:)5835:(5800:)5796:(5790:)5786:(5780:)5776:(5770:)5766:(5760:)5756:(5750:)5746:(5740:)5736:(5715:)5711:(5705:)5695:)5691:(5670:)5666:(5660:)5656:(5650:)5646:(5625:)5621:(5615:)5611:(5605:)5601:(5580:)5576:(5555:)5551:(5545:)5541:(5535:)5531:(5525:)5521:(5500:)5496:(5490:)5486:(5480:)5476:(5441:)5437:(5431:)5427:(5421:)5417:(5411:)5407:(5401:)5397:(5391:)5387:(5381:)5377:(5371:)5367:(5346:)5342:(5336:)5332:(5326:)5322:(5301:)5297:(5262:)5258:(5252:)5248:(5227:)5223:(5217:)5213:(5192:)5188:(5167:)5163:(5142:)5138:(5132:)5128:(5071:)5067:(5061:)5057:(5051:)5047:(5041:)5037:(5031:)5027:(5021:)5017:(5011:)5007:(5001:)4997:(4991:)4987:(4981:)4977:(4971:)4967:(4961:)4957:(4951:)4947:(4941:)4937:(4931:)4927:(4921:)4917:(4911:)4907:(4901:)4897:(4891:)4887:(4868:)4864:(4845:)4841:(4822:)4818:(4799:)4795:(4789:)4785:(4736:)4732:(4726:)4722:(4716:)4712:(4704:)4700:(4690:(4684:)4680:(4674:)4670:(4664:)4660:(4654:)4650:(4644:)4640:(4634:)4630:(4624:)4620:(4599:)4595:(4589:)4585:(4579:)4575:(4569:)4565:(4544:)4540:(4519:)4515:(4509:)4505:(4484:)4480:(4474:)4470:(4449:)4445:(4439:)4435:(4429:)4425:(4419:)4415:(4409:)4405:(4384:)4380:(4374:)4370:(4364:)4360:(4325:)4321:(4315:)4311:(4276:)4272:(4264:)4260:(4244:(4236:)4232:(4222:(4201:)4197:(4191:)4187:(4166:)4162:(4141:)4137:(4131:)4127:(4106:)4102:(4096:)4092:(4071:)4067:(4059:)4055:(4045:(4024:)4020:(4014:)4010:(4002:)3998:(3988:(3967:)3963:(3957:)3953:(3932:)3928:(3905:)3901:(3891:(3852:)3848:(3843:†3839:)3835:(3829:)3825:(3790:)3786:(3751:)3747:(3741:)3737:(3731:)3727:(3706:)3702:(3696:)3692:(3671:)3667:(3661:)3657:(3651:)3647:(3641:)3637:(3631:)3627:(3592:)3588:(3553:)3549:(3461:e3454:t3447:v3434:.3401:.3363:.3337:.3307:.3281:.3255:.3223::3215::3188:.3164::3130:.3108:.3083:.3058:.3046::3019:.2993:.2966:.2939:.2912:.2885:.2858:.2831:.2804:.2782::2753:.2729::2723:82697:.2673::2665::2659:72599:.2553:.2520:.2487:.2461:.2428:.2408::2381:.2363:.2311:.2264:.2235:.2208:.2154:.2125:.2036:.1989:.1961:.1931:.1893:.1853::1799:.1767:.1742:.1710:.1182:/1150:(1050:(986:(978:(911:(474:(463:(413:(363:(355:(330:)309:†301:†271:)267:(106:N96:K91:J86:T81:P76:C71:D66:S61:O56:Ꞓ27:.